Sentences with phrase «animal cell systems»

Now a $ 60 billion market for the biotechnology and pharmaceutical sectors, growth of the market has been hampered by high development costs of producing these in animal cell systems, which when factoring in a long period for manufacturing, R&D and clinical trials, may reach around $ 1 billion per each therapeutic candidate.

Not exact matches

The theory of societies, like modern general systems theory, pictures a world made up of societies within societies (systems within systems) That is, societies do not just line up side by side like mosaics — they form «nested hierarchies» that go from subatomic particles through cells to animal bodies, or through stars to galaxies.

Animals with nervous systems are the only many - celled individuals we perceive that act integrally, and even they do not do so in deep sleep.

In general it seems that we can be sure there are souls only where there are central nervous systems providing sufficient stimulus in some locus in an animal body for a unified experience to emerge far more complex than that of individual molecules or cells.

A single human egg cell is alive, but it has no experiences like those of an adult, or a child, or even of an animal with a central nervous system.

Animals with central nervous systems are the only many - celled individuals we perceive that act integrally and even they do not do so in deep sleep.»

Heretofore, this earth has witnessed the emergence of single - celled living organisms, the growth of multicelled plant organisms, the advent of animals with centralized nervous systems making self - directed activity possible, and the flowering of humanity with its far - flung culture.

The objects of his study range from a class of molecules that have the basic self - duplicating property of living things, through cells which suggest purely physical systems, through animals which give increasing evidence of having minds, to human beings in whom streams of consciousness seem to involve continual choices of action, at the opposite pole from control by impersonal laws of nature.

Higher animals all seem to contain at least one such society, called a «living person,» present in the body in addition to the cells and molecules of the central nervous system, even though dependent upon them.

Given a system or composite of individuals, all on a comparable level, for instance molecular or cellular, then in some cases, given integration of activities (thus molecules in a cell, or cells in a vertebrate animal), there may be what Leibniz called a «dominant monad» or what Whitehead calls a «society of presiding occasions.»

As soon as the nervous system forming in the embryo begins to function as a whole — and not before — the cell colony begins to turn into a genuinely individual animal.

It was but a single cell, and man is at the least a multicellular animal with an elaborate nervous system.

The researchers found that the immune cells in the skin of this animal model generated large amounts of the cytokine IL - 17 — a protein of the immune system that activates cellular inflammation in response to damage.

«Chronic inflammation of the intestine is thought to be caused by abnormal interactions between gut microbes, intestinal epithelial cells and the immune system, but so far it has been impossible to determine how each of these factors contribute to the development of intestinal bowel disease,» said Hyun Jung Kim, Ph.D., former Wyss Technology Development Fellow and first author on the study, speaking about the limitations of conventional in vitro and animal models of bacterial overgrowth and inflammation of the intestines.

Marta Monteiro and colleagues at the University of Lisbon, Portugal, studied mice protected from the animal equivalent of multiple sclerosis by natural killer T - cells (NKT), a class of white blood cell which helps to control the immune system.

«If ctenophores diverged first, these organ systems likely have been present in the common ancestor of all animals — and sponges and placozoans must subsequently have lost them — or complex traits like nerve cells and muscles must have emerged independently several times in different lineages,» Wörheide explains.

In this study, the Hiroshima University researchers developed an animal model using severely immunodeficient mice whose livers were partially populated with human cells, in order to reconstruct elements of the human immune system.

The Duke researchers who made this discovery say it may help explain how a relatively small number of genes can create the dazzling array of different cell types found in human brains and the nervous systems in other animals.

To create mouse avatars, researchers implant some of a patient's cancer cells into rodents lacking a normal immune system and measure whether various drugs destroy the tumors that sprout in the animals.

«Most previous research into ways of delaying the onset of HD symptoms have focused on studying the mutant protein in cells or in animal models, but the relevance of abnormalities in those systems to what actually happens in patients remains a huge assumption,» says James Gusella, PhD, director of the Center for Human Genetic Research (CHGR) at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), corresponding author of the Cell paper.

One plausible explanation was that over the course of successive population crashes, the devils had become so inbred that their cells look identical — at least to the animals» immune systems.

An animal's immune system detects foreign cells by scanning for proteins, called antigens, that stick out from the surface of each cell.

Biologists, physicists, mathematicians, and computer scientists have begun cooperating on a sophisticated «systems biology» aimed at understanding how the countless molecular interactions at the heart of life fit together in the workings of cells, organs, and whole animals.

One likely reason for this is that animals undergo cellular differentiation; human life begins as a single cell that differentiates into the various cell types needed for different organs, body parts, blood, the immune system, etc..

In most cases, the animals» immune systems are compromised, or the rodents have been genetically engineered to rapidly spread mutant cells.

And instead of adding the damaged mRNA to a reconstituted bacterial system, she put it in extracts of plant and animal cells.

protected animals»); studies on in vitro systems (whole perfused organs, tissue slices, cell and tissue cultures, and subcellular fractions); and human studies (including estimations of occupational and environmental exposure, postmarketing surveillance, epidemiology, and the ethical and strictly controlled use of human volunteers).

The TNP lab previously demonstrated in animal models that tau is a critical part of the «garbage disposal system,» in cells allowing them to clear accumulated toxic proteins.

The researchers speculate that the act of reprogramming adult cells to pluripotency may induce the expression of cell - surface molecules the immune system has not seen since the animal (or person) was an early embryo.

Suspecting that the disease works differently in humans, whose brains are much bigger and more complex than those of lab animals, Brivanlou, along with research associates Albert Ruzo and Gist Croft, developed a cell - based human system for their research.

Their findings suggest that even the earliest animals had the makings of both vertebrate and invertebrate visual systems, and that some of the photoreceptor cells in the invertebrate brain were transformed through a series of steps into vertebrate eyes.

The presence of these protein - regulating tools in both Capsaspora and animals means that the single - celled ancestor of all animals likely also possessed these systems — and was more complex than scientists have previously given it credit for.

What's more, IL - 33 and the DNA vaccine augmented immunological responses in both CD4 helper T cells and CD8 killer T cells, with a large proportion of CD8 killer T cells demonstrating a further improvement in the ability of DNA vaccines to drive the immune system to kill tumor cells in animals.

While animals have a wide variety of immune cells and in some cases an interconnected immune system plants must rely on other methods to fight infection.

The Mosers have since carved out a niche studying how grid cells interact with other specialized neurons to form what may be a complete navigation system that tells animals where they are going and where they have been.

It is surprising to find that a single gene (ESRP), through its ancestral biological role (cell adherence and motility) has been used throughout the animal scale for very different purposes: from the immune system of an echinoderm to the lips, lungs or inner ears of humans,» states professor Jordi Garcia - Fernàndez, of the University of Barcelona's Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and the IBUB.

These intriguing cells, which are also present in humans, work much like the Global Positioning System, allowing animals to understand their location.

The robotic system, described today in Science Robotics, induced cell proliferation and lengthened part of the esophagus in a large animal by about 75 percent, while the animal remained awake and mobile.

Using her new culture system, she joined forces with colleagues to research which cells in an embryo contribute to which parts of the adult animal, a process called fate - mapping.

By using fruit fly as a model system, Minna Poukkula working at the Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, has found out how actin - rich protrusions contribute to cell migration in animal tissues.

When the animals» immune systems identify a cancer cell, a genetic tweak allows their bodies to launch a massive attack of white blood cells that kills the budding tumor.

This would allow us to alter RNA in a living system and track what effect those alterations are having on the cell or animal as a whole.

They make up the primitive innate immune system of the slug and play the same role as immune cells in animals.

After testing the system both in vitro and in vivo in an animal model, Scott's team demonstrated they could administer a subcutaneous injection that slowly delivered nanomaterials to cells in lymph nodes for over a month in a controlled fashion.

ES cells from a 129 mouse, on the other hand, were unable to form teratomas in B6 mice because the animals» immune systems attacked the cells, which they recognized as foreign.

The peripheral nervous system of vertebrate animals includes three kinds of nerve cells: sensory neurons, which transmit impulses from sensory receptor structures to the brain; motor neurons, which innervate the striated, or skeletal, muscles, and autonomic neurons, which regulate the functional activity of the circulatory system, the organs, the glands and the smooth muscles (such as those of the intestine).

They are now waiting to see whether the animals» immune systems destroy the cells.

By introducing a particular strain of bacteria into the digestive tracts of mice with melanoma, researchers at the University of Chicago were able to boost the ability of the animal's immune systems to attack tumor cells.

The prize is for discovering «the brain's navigation system»: place cells, cells in the hippocampus which are active whenever a rat is in a particular place, and grid cells, cells in the entorhinal cortex which are active when the animal is at multiple locations in a grid pattern.

Research Interests: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); Crohn's disease; ulcerative colitis; animal models of IBD; mucosal T - cell death and survival; tolerance to gut microbiota; interactions between immune and non-immune cells; immune - driven angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis; intestinal fibrosis; intestinal myofibroblasts, extracellular matrix; systems biology; complex diseases