Sentences with phrase «annual mean precipitation»

We blended surface meteorological observations, remotely sensed (TRMM and NDVI) data, physiographic indices, and regression techniques to produce gridded maps of annual mean precipitation and temperature, as well as parameters for site - specific, daily weather generation for any location in Yemen.

Over West Africa, AOGCM - simulated changes in annual mean precipitation are about 5 to 10 % larger than for atmosphere - only simulations, and in better agreement with data reconstructions (Braconnot et al., 2004).

Consistent with the previous studies, we find virtually no skill of annual mean precipitation beyond 1 or 2 years lead time.

Correlation coefficients of the principal components of the three EOF modes for annual mean precipitation (Figs. 4b, 7b) with the Niño 3.4 index

Right panels show the predictability horizon for annual mean precipitation (above the dashed line), soil water averaged from the surface, and total water storage (below the dashed line), estimated from the 39 individual 10 member hindcast experiments (red) and the 1st order Markov model with 10,000 ensemble members (black circle) for the b the northern, d southern, and f these difference indices.

The resulting first EOF mode (middle panels in Fig. 4) shows the same meridional seesaw pattern as the leading EOFs of unfiltered annual mean precipitation and water storage.

AOGCM experiments suggest that global - average annual mean precipitation will increase on average by 1 to 3 % / °C under the enhanced greenhouse effect (Figure 9.18).

Models disagree on annual mean precipitation changes in the NA monsoon region.

The global map of the A1B 2080 to 2099 change in annual mean precipitation is shown in Figure 10.12, along with other hydrological quantities from the multi-model ensemble.

They discussed the effect of variables being non-iid on the extreme value analysis, and after taking that into account, propose that changes in extreme precipitation are likely to be larger than the corresponding changes in annual mean precipitation under a global warming.

Statewide precipitation has decreased in winter (0.14 inches / decade -LSB--0.36 cm / decade]-RRB- since 1950, but no significant change has occurred in annual mean precipitation, probably because of very slight increases in spring and fall precipitation.

has decreased in winter, but no significant change in annual mean precipitation potentially because of very slight increases in spring and fall precipitation; precipitation is projected to increase across Montana, primarily in spring; slight decrease in summer precipitation; variability of precipitation year - to - year projected to increase

Not exact matches

«Looking at changes in the number of dry days per year is a new way of understanding how climate change will affect us that goes beyond just annual or seasonal mean precipitation changes, and allows us to better adapt to and mitigate the impacts of local hydrological changes,» said Polade, a postdoctoral researcher who works with Scripps climate scientists Dan Cayan, David Pierce, Alexander Gershunov, and Michael Dettinger, who are co-authors of the study.

There were no significant trends in mean annual total precipitation or total precipitation affected area but we did observe a significant increase in mean annual rain - free days, where the mean number of dry days increased by 1.31 days per decade and the global area affected by anomalously dry years significantly increased by 1.6 % per decade.

The review by O'Gorman et al (3) reports that a 1C increase in global mean temperature will result in a 2 % — 7 % increase in the precipitation rate; the lower values are results of GCM output, and the upper values are results from regressing estimated annual rainfalls on annual mean temperatures.

Although WUE was positively correlated with CUE, NPP, and LAI, average baseline WUE was highest in grassland systems, which also had lower rates of mean annual NPP, precipitation, and LAI.

Greater numbers of plant species in ruderal based environments were found in equatorial areas where the level of water (represented by mean annual precipitation) related variables are high, whereas competitive and stress tolerant based plant environments were found in locations where energy (represented by mean annual temperature) are expressed with greater weight acting on the distribution.

After consideration of a range of elements of the water - energy dynamic (Hawkins et al., 2003), we made use of quarterly climatic data of 1961 - 90, mean annual precipitation and mean temperature (New et al., 1999).

Annual temperatures range from 9 °C to 24 °C, with a mean (± 1 SD) annual precipitation of 300 (± 146) mm (Catalina Island Conservancy, www.catalinaconservancyAnnual temperatures range from 9 °C to 24 °C, with a mean (± 1 SD) annual precipitation of 300 (± 146) mm (Catalina Island Conservancy, www.catalinaconservancyannual precipitation of 300 (± 146) mm (Catalina Island Conservancy, www.catalinaconservancy.org).

I am interpreting that to mean that there is a trend towards increasing annual 1 - day extreme precipitation — but I am not sure how to quantify that change.

I understand this to mean that over time, there is a tendency to move upwards (to the right) along the cumulative probability curve, let's say, for annual extreme 1 - day precipitation.

What would be interesting to look at, rather than mean annual temperatures is the variability of temperature and precipitation patterns throughout the year.

Although WUE was positively correlated with CUE, NPP, and LAI, average baseline WUE was highest in grassland systems, which also had lower rates of mean annual NPP, precipitation, and LAI.

Last year, the paper by Wentz et al. showed that over several parts of the world, mean annual precipitation has been on the rise with increasing temperature.

A difference in mean winter precipitation of only 130 mm (5 inches), from 330 mm (13 inches) in drought scenario to 460 mm (18 inches) in a pluvial scenario, resulted in a doubling of the annual increase in runoff from treatments (Figure 7).

Results from 26 scenarios with varying levels of winter precipitation showing increases in mean annual runoff associated with mechanical thinning of ponderosa pine forests in the first analysis area of the 4FRI project.

Direct comparisons with ponderosa pine forests are not possible because this study was conducted within a higher - elevation mixed - conifer forest that had higher initial basal areas and higher mean annual precipitation.

Depending on winter precipitation and the forest treatment schedule, mean annual increases in runoff from thinning of ponderosa forests across the Salt - Verde watersheds ranged from 4.76 to 15.0 million m3 (3,860 — 12,200 acre - feet) over a 35 - year treatment period, 6.18 to 23.4 million m3 (5,010 to 19,000 acre - feet) over 25 years, and 9.23 to 42.8 million m3 (7,480 to 34,700 acre - feet) over 15 years (Table 2).

Of the factors examined, CH4 emissions were best predicted by chlorophyll a concentrations (positive correlation, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.50, n = 31); CO2 emissions were best predicted by reported mean annual precipitation (positive correlation, p = 0.04, R2 = 0.11, n = 33); and N2O emissions were most strongly related to reservoir NO3 — concentrations (positive correlation, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.49, n = 18, table 3, supplemental figure S6).

While the HadCM3 - projected mean annual precipitation during 2070 to 2099 at El Reno, Oklahoma, decreased by 13.6 %, 7.2 %, and 6.2 % for A2, B2, and GGa1, respectively, the predicted erosion (except for the no - till conservation practice scenario) increased by 18 - 30 % for A2, remained similar for B2, and increased by 67 - 82 % for GGa1.

They found that the mean and standard deviation of flood damage are projected to increase by more than 140 % if the mean and standard deviation of annual precipitation increase by 13.5 %.

Choi and Fisher (2003) estimated the expected change in flood damages for selected USA regions under two climate - change scenarios in which mean annual precipitation increased by 13.5 % and 21.5 %, respectively, with the standard deviation of annual precipitation either remaining unchanged or increasing proportionally.

Northern Ellesmere Island is a polar desert with a mean annual coastal temperature of − 18 °C and annual precipitation of ca. 15 cm.

Global solar irradiance reconstruction [48 — 50] and ice - core based sulfate (SO4) influx in the Northern Hemisphere [51] from volcanic activity (a); mean annual temperature (MAT) reconstructions for the Northern Hemisphere [52], North America [29], and the American Southwest * expressed as anomalies based on 1961 — 1990 temperature averages (b); changes in ENSO - related variability based on El Junco diatom record [41], oxygen isotopes records from Palmyra [42], and the unified ENSO proxy [UEP; 23](c); changes in PDSI variability for the American Southwest (d), and changes in winter precipitation variability as simulated by CESM model ensembles 2 to 5 [43].

Local ET increase from 50 % of mean annual precipitation to 75 % of mean annual precipitation (Zhang et al. 2001)

That is particularly the case in California, where decadal precipitation variance is typically equivalent to 20 — 50 % of mean annual averages, mostly because of changes in precipitation received between November and March [16 — 17].

All of these characteristics (except for the ocean temperature) have been used in SAR and TAR IPCC (Houghton et al. 1996; 2001) reports for model - data inter-comparison: we considered as tolerable the following intervals for the annual means of the following climate characteristics which encompass corresponding empirical estimates: global SAT 13.1 — 14.1 °C (Jones et al. 1999); area of sea ice in the Northern Hemisphere 6 — 14 mil km2 and in the Southern Hemisphere 6 — 18 mil km2 (Cavalieri et al. 2003); total precipitation rate 2.45 — 3.05 mm / day (Legates 1995); maximum Atlantic northward heat transport 0.5 — 1.5 PW (Ganachaud and Wunsch 2003); maximum of North Atlantic meridional overturning stream function 15 — 25 Sv (Talley et al. 2003), volume averaged ocean temperature 3 — 5 °C (Levitus 1982).

A number of the comments here focus on the amount of annual precipitation as of an increase in mean precipitation means more water will be available to meet human needs.

At climateological time scales, the amount of readily available surface water is basically mean annual precipitation minus mean annual evaporation / transpiration.

It is perfectly conceivable, for example, to have annual precipitation increase 10 to 20 % at the same time that mean annual surface water runoff decreases by 10 to 20 % (or even more).

Obtain high - resolution climatologies of maximum, minimum, and mean temperature and precipitation in British Columbia, on a monthly and annual basis at 30 arc second (~ 1 km) resolution (developed using PRISM).

Moreover, different 30 - year periods have been shown to exhibit differences in regional annual mean baseline temperature and precipitation of up to ± 0.5 ºC and ± 15 % respectively (Hulme and New, 1997; Visser et al., 2000; see also Chapter 2).

To assess the effect of climate change, we selected mean warmest month temperature (MWMT), mean coldest month temperature (MCMT), and mean annual precipitation (MAP).

The competition indexes (BA, stand basal area; BAL, basal area of larger trees; SDI, stand density index) were entered into the models separately, and the three climate variables (MWMT, mean warmest month temperature; MCMT, mean coldest month temperature; MAP, mean annual precipitation) were included in the models simultaneously.

Correlation (color) and regression maps (contour) of SST (left) and SLP (right) associated with the first EOF modes of annual precipitation (a, b), low - frequency precipitation (c, d), and total water storage (e, f), which are calculated using annual mean data for the first EOF mode of annual precipitation, 10 - year running mean for precipitation, and 10 - year running mean leading with 5 - year for total water storage.

Correlation coefficients are calculated using annual mean data for the first EOF mode of annual precipitation, 10 - year running mean data for the low - frequency precipitation, and 10 - year running mean data leading with 5 - year for the total water storage.

The Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Miller) forest in Yatir, Israel, is such an extreme case, with a mean annual precipitation of 285 mm and 6 — 8 months of continuous seasonal drought (Grünzweig et al. 2003, Rotenberg and Yakir 2010).

Site environmental variables in 2007 — 13: daily precipitation (annual amounts noted); daily mean soil water content at 30 cm below surface (SWC); daily maximum vapor pressure deficit (VPD); daily mean air temperature over the forest canopy (Ta).

FIGURE 2.16 Frequency of tropical forests and savannas, plotted vs. mean annual precipitation (Hirota et al., 2011).

Future mean annual precipitation is projected to increase 4 to 11 percent by the 2050s and 5 to 13 percent by the 2080s, relative to the 1980s base period.