In When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture, Paul Boyer, a senior historian at the University of Wisconsin, and one of the best in the business, seeks to address the world of secularized academics and journalists who can scarcely imagine, let alone appreciate, the breadth and depth of popular
apocalypticism in contemporary America.
It must be admitted at once that there is a strong element of
apocalypticism in the Gospels, with anticipation of the Parousia in Acts, in Paul's letters and in Revelation.
Not exact matches
Among those characteristics (
in addition to a certain
apocalypticism) is an imperviousness to contrary data and scientific evidence.
Apocalypticism puts evangelicals
in control of history and lets them sound as if they know the mind of God.
But «corporate personality,» demonology, Messiahship,
apocalypticism, the Logos - doctrine, and many other mental categories
in the Bible are not modern.
I suspect that this wide attraction is partly the result of incessant repetition, and partly because events such as the doomsday nuclear policies of the United States and the Soviet Union and the dangerously deepening crisis
in the Middle East lend
apocalypticism a certain surface plausibility.
The big story
in contemporary
apocalypticism, I told myself, is not UFOs and creepy - crawlies from Inner Earth, but John Darby's dispensationalism.
Though
apocalypticism had been around for millennia, it is worth noting that Darbyism, the peculiarly rigid and florid form that arose
in the late 19th century, accompanied the growth of Darwinism, biblical higher criticism, and the dawning awareness of world religions.
The incarnate Lord lived at a particular time and place
in history, and
in his
apocalypticism Jesus was apparently a man of his time.
In other words,
apocalypticism is Christianity.
The world - rejecting elements
in Christianity are adequately explained by Jewish
apocalypticism, and this, despite its enmity toward the present world, stopped short of and opposed the dissolution of moral order.
Similarly,
in some forms of Jewish
apocalypticism, the tension between the felt injustice of history and faith
in the God who was Creator and Lord of history reached an extreme pitch.
Nowhere
in modernity is
apocalypticism more open and manifest than it is
in our great political revolutions, and if these begin with the English Revolution, this was our most apocalyptic revolution until the French Revolution, a revolution which innumerable thinkers at that time, and above all Hegel himself, could know as the ending of an old world and the inauguration of a truly new and universal world.
And there is good reason for this,
apocalypticism is inevitably subversive, and perhaps the most purely subversive force
in history, all of the great political revolutions
in modernity have been apocalyptic revolutions, and even the advent of both Christianity and Islam can be understood as the consequence of
apocalypticism.
Apocalypticism (from the Greek word meaning revelation, or unveiling)-- A belief that God will intervene, on behalf of the faithful,
in history.
Nothing so clearly unveils Hegel's system as an apocalyptic system as does this ending, but such an ultimate ending is unique to
apocalypticism, for even if it parallels archaic visions of eternal return, it wholly differs from all primordial vision
in knowing an absolute and final ending, an ending which is apocalypse itself.
Nothing is so unique
in apocalypticism as is its enactment of a new totality, an absolute novum that is the polar opposite of a primordial totality, but a novum
in full
apocalypticism that is already dawning or near at hand, just as it is
in Jesus» initial eschatological proclamation that the time is fulfilled and the Kingdom of God is immediately at hand (Mark 1:15).
This is that Jesus was heavily indebted to his past, but was no copyist of it; that he spoke as an apocalyptist, but that his
apocalypticism was probably distorted and exaggerated
in the records of the Synoptics; more important, that he had a prophetic sense of mission as God's suffering servant and agent of redemption; that he deeply respected the law of his fathers, but gave it a new depth of meaning
in self - giving love.
But all of these thinkers are reborn or renewed Pauline thinkers, and are so precisely
in their
apocalypticism, an
apocalypticism inseparable from an enactment of absolute ending, but that ending is absolute beginning itself.
Or is modern
apocalypticism a genuine recovery and renewal of an original Christian
apocalypticism, one which had perished or become wholly transformed
in the victory of an ancient Christian orthodoxy, then only to be renewed
in profoundly subversive and heretical expressions?
While Jesus seems to have accepted its particular terminology and some of its concepts familiar
in his day, his
apocalypticism is different.
The crux of the problem as to the
apocalypticism of Jesus and his own relation to the coming kingdom lies
in the degree to which he shared this point of view.
Now even as ancient Jewish
apocalypticism profoundly challenged the orthodox guardians of the Torah, a challenge which is profoundly renewed
in Paul, modern
apocalypticism profoundly challenges Christian orthodoxy.
Thus his
apocalypticism was unique
in that it was suffused with moral and spiritual, and thus with prophetic, elements.
For a brief discussion of the typical features of apocalyptic writing, see the article «
Apocalypticism» by Martin Rist
in The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, ed.
It may well be possible to speak of Zen existential
apocalypticism as King does, but we should be aware that this is a form of «
apocalypticism»
in which nothing actually happens,
in which there is neither world - nor self - transformation.
Commenting on this same text, Gordon D. Kaufman remarks: «If, now, we bring a different framework of interpretation from Jewish
apocalypticism to this critical event
in which Christian faith was born — as we must — we should not be overly surprised or dismayed when we find it necessary to understand the character of the event somewhat differently from the first Christians.»
«Fulfillment» didn't even come onto religious thought until the nonsense of «fulfilled prophesy» became popular LATE LATE
in Hebrew culture, (when
apocalypticism became popular), near the turn of the millennium.
It is a principle component of the eschatological projection of a new heaven and a new earth that originated
in the millennialism of Jewish
apocalypticism, and it seems to have made its earliest appearance
in the Apocalypse of Isaiah (Isaiah 24 — 2 7), specifically
in Isaiah 26:29.
In Jesus» own recorded words, this emphasis appears in the spiritual nature and present accessibility of the kingdom of God an emphasis that, in view of the postponed hopes of Jewish apocalypticism, is very significan
In Jesus» own recorded words, this emphasis appears
in the spiritual nature and present accessibility of the kingdom of God an emphasis that, in view of the postponed hopes of Jewish apocalypticism, is very significan
in the spiritual nature and present accessibility of the kingdom of God an emphasis that,
in view of the postponed hopes of Jewish apocalypticism, is very significan
in view of the postponed hopes of Jewish
apocalypticism, is very significant.
The one unifying factor that put sense into the strange and varied developments of Jewish
apocalypticism was the urgent demand of the Jewish conscience that, one way or another, the cosmic process should not
in the end be ethically unsatisfactory.
Even the accent of immediacy is
in Jesus» words about the coming Messiah, (Matthew 16:27 - 28) and alike
in direct statement and
in parable his reported teaching shows the influence of the prevalent Jewish
apocalypticism.
To be sure, some students of the New Testament have been so completely commandeered by
apocalypticism that they insist on interpreting all references to the kingdom
in terms of its categories.
Now, though I am totally convinced that we must try to eradicate messianism and
apocalypticism from politics and from social matters, I still think that
in some way this temptation of apocalypse will always be with us.
For far from being Johannine,
apocalypticism was fairly well read out of the record
in the Fourth Gospel.
-- such characteristic teachings of Jesus, even when their statement happens to be set
in an eschatological framework, have another source than
apocalypticism, and they are not so demonstrably fashioned by it that, without it, we can be sure they would have been very different.
What have the parables of the Good Samaritan and the Prodigal Son, or the idea of love
in the thirteenth chapter of First Corinthians to do with
apocalypticism?
Finally, the course of thought we have been tracing
in this chapter is adverse to those who claim
apocalypticism as the real creator of the New Testament's ethic.
For another thing, while apocalyptic forms of hope probably did exercise this influence, it is flying
in the face of the evidence to explain the New Testament's ethic, as a whole, as dependent on and everywhere fashioned by
apocalypticism.
Granted, Jesus interpreted the
apocalypticism of his time
in the light of his own unique vision.
Apocalypticism (which had arisen
in Judaism rather late
in its history) post Exile, was one of the major influences on the new (Christian) cult: None of them were really meant to be read literally.
The fact that there are such passages
in the New Testament, drawn from Jewish
apocalypticism and attributed to Jesus, does not prove that he said them or that he could have believed this to be an appropriate fate.
He continues the story by examining the period of the second temple
in Jewish thought, the rise of
apocalypticism and millenarianism, sectarian life
in New Testament times, New Testament views of afterlife, pseudepigraphic literature, the Church fathers, the early rabbis, and Muslim views of the afterlife..
It should be welcomed for its positive teaching and as a corrective to the sundry
apocalypticisms to which Christians, including Catholics,
in this country are prone.
I suspect Lucy you're going to be snipped for politics there but
in case not Freeman Dyson has a rather different analysis of why UK academics got stuck
in such pessimism and
apocalypticism, partly through their snobbish reaction to Thatcher,
in the middle of a brilliant 2007 interview with Benny Peiser which is also prescient on the AGW issue, as ever.
Leaving aside whether this amounts to an example of Godwin's Law, anyone who uses the term has,
in my opinion, abandoned argument based on reason and evidence, and that's not behaviour we should expect form a President of the Royal Society — though, after May and Rees,
apocalypticism seems to be
in the ascendancy.