Asked if the naming campaigns are a way to poke at the authority of the International Astronomical Union, which is officially in charge of crater names and which rankled Stern by reclassifying
Pluto as a dwarf planet in 2006, he says, «honestly, I get a chuckle when I hear that.»
But in 2006, the International Astronomical Union, the governing organization responsible for naming planetary objects, reclassified
Ceres as a dwarf planet because of its large size.
He is now hoping that New Horizons will allow him to complete the set of the classic nine planets (despite Pluto's re-classification
as a dwarf planet in 2006).
Unlike the class of smaller objects now
known as dwarf planets, Planet Nine gravitationally dominates its neighborhood of the solar system.
Patrick Dufour of the University of Montreal in Canada and colleagues have now found a white dwarf with the most contaminated atmosphere yet, suggesting it ate something as
big as a dwarf planet.
They then applied the model to several worlds with known or suspected interior oceans, including Saturn's moon Enceladus, Jupiter's moon Europa, Pluto and its moon Charon, as
well as the dwarf planet Ceres.
(Pluto has five known moons: Charon, which is half as
wide as the dwarf planet itself, and Nix, Hydra, Kerberos and Styx, all of which are tiny.)
Part of the dispute centers around the belief that point (c)(clearing its orbit) should not have been listed, and that those objects now
categorized as dwarf planets should actually be part of a broader planetary definition.
According to Mike Brown there may soon be over forty trans - Neptunian objects that
qualify as dwarf planets under the IAU's recent definition.
Two views of Ceres acquired by NASA's Dawn spacecraft ten hours apart on Feb. 12, 2015, from a distance of about 52,000
miles as the dwarf planet rotated.
«The images now are just at that intriguing resolution that lets you make stuff up,» says Mike Brown, the California Institute of Technology astronomer whose work helped motivate the reclassification of Pluto and
Ceres as dwarf planets.
But the realization that Pluto has an orbit, composition (mostly ices), and size (just 2,300 km across) that fit the KBO bill has led to its
reclassification as a dwarf planet.
VP113 is large enough to have a spherical shape and so is a candidate for IAU
designation as a dwarf planet, as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) on August 24, 2006.
These objects range in size from specks of debris dust, all the way up to moon - sized objects like Pluto — which used to be classified as a planet, but has now been
reclassified as a dwarf planet.
Ceres is classified
as a dwarf planet, a solar system body bigger than an asteroid and smaller than a planet.
As the dwarf planet's shadow passed across eight telescopes at five sites in central South America, it blocked light for intervals ranging from 59 seconds to 66 seconds, suggesting that Makemake is a 1500 - by -1430-km ellipsoid, researchers report online today in Nature.
That haze affects surface features such
as the dwarf planet's red patches, a new study suggests.
is not happy with the reclassification of Pluto
as a dwarf planet.
Pluto was considered the ninth planet until August 2006, when the International Astronomical Union reclassified
it as a dwarf planet.
Mike Brown fully supports the classification of Pluto
as a dwarf planet; I would be interested to hear what other AmericaSpace readers think.
So classifying
it as a dwarf planet explains how it interacts (or, really, how it doesn't interact) with other objects in the solar system.
Ceres, with a diameter of about 590 miles, is large enough to be classified
as a dwarf planet.
In 2006, with the discovery of several other rocky bodies similar in size or larger than Pluto, the IAU decided to re-classify Pluto
as a dwarf planet.
After much discussion, it was decided via a vote that those bodies should instead be classified
as dwarf planets.
However, in 2006, several of these objects were reclassified
as dwarf planets, objects distinct from planets.
Bodies which fulfill the first two conditions but not the third (such as Pluto and Eris) are classified
as dwarf planets, providing they are not also natural satellites of other planets.
The next couple of months will see an uptick in the New Horizons mission, which literally got off the ground back in 2006, before the International Astronomical Union reclassified Pluto
as a dwarf planet, and is due to fly past Pluto on July 14, 2015.
If DeeDee has enough mass to be spherical, it would meet the criteria for the International Astronomical Union (IAU) to recognize
it as a dwarf planet.
The outcome was so convincing that a show of hands was enough: Pluto was demoted from the pantheon of planets and joined Eris and Ceres
as dwarf planets.
But in 2015, while studying evaporated salts on the surfaces of solar system bodies, such
as the dwarf planet Ceres, Nelson realized that table salt was a possibility.
Pluto was considered a planet (75 years before being reclassified
as a dwarf planet) for less time than the length of a single Plutonian year (248 Earth years).