FinCEN's regulations define currency (also referred to as «real» currency) as «the coin and paper money of the United States or of any other country that [i] is designated as legal tender and that [ii] circulates and [iii] is customarily used and accepted
as a medium of exchange in the country of issuance.»
The FINCEN definition of currency: The coin and paper money of the United States or any other country that is (1) designated as legal tender and that (2) circulates and (3) is customarily accepted
as a medium of exchange in the country of issuance.»
2 stating «Bitcoin and other virtual currencies are distinct from «real» currencies, which are the coin and paper money of the United States or another country that are designated as legal tender, circulate, and are customarily used and accepted
as a medium of exchange in the country of issuance.»
In addition, if the price of Bitcoin can rise or fall 10 % or 20 % in a day — a price swing which exceeds the profit margins of the vast majority of businesses in the world — who will be willing to use
this as a medium of exchange in commerce?
The former use of Uang Kepeng
as a medium of exchange in Bali has played a central role in the vitality of Balinese culture, religion, society, governance and economy, and therefore should be re-issued as a complementary medium of exchange to meet present concerns about cultural degradation and demands for an increased supply of Uang Kepeng that is valuable to the people and supports the elements of Balinese culture.
Analyzing Lessig's take on the differences between commercial economies and sharing economies, Johnson summarizes that «friends do favors for one another in a sharing economy, and corporations and customers use cash
as the medium of exchange in a commercial economy.»
In some environments, it operates like «real» currency — i.e., the coin and paper money of the United States or of any other country that is designated as legal tender, circulates, and is customarily used and accepted
as a medium of exchange in the country of issuance — but it does not have legal tender status in any jurisdiction...... Virtual currency that has an equivalent value in real currency, or that acts as a substitute for real currency, is referred to as «convertible» virtual currency.
It's hard to think of using gold
as a medium of exchange in an age where almost everything has been digitized.
«In some environments, virtual currency operates like «real» currency - i.e., the coin and paper money of the United States or of any other country that is designated as legal tender, circulates, and is customarily used and accepted
as a medium of exchange in the country of issuance - but it does not have legal tender status in any jurisdiction.
In some environments, virtual currency operates like «real» currency — i.e., the coin and paper money of the United States or of any other country that is designated as legal tender, circulates, and is customarily used and accepted
as a medium of exchange in the country of issuance — but it does not have legal tender status in any jurisdiction.
Any cryptocurrency that does not have KYC identification of users will not work
as a medium of exchange in the world of commerce.
Mind you, crypto users have been abandoning Bitcoin
as a medium of exchange in favor of rivals Bitcoin Cash and Litecoin, which are much cheaper and faster to use for day - to - day transactions.
Not exact matches
But
in an interesting twist, a developer who was hired by Reddit to work on the idea
of a «crypto - currency» — a form
of Bitcoin that users could receive
in exchange for contributing content, or
as a way
of distributing some
of the shares that were issued
in the site's fundraising round — said
in a post on
Medium that he was working on a plan to de-centralize Reddit
in just this way before he was let go.
But there are a lot
of possible applications that can use Bitcoin
as the
medium of exchange while prices are set
in a conventional currency such
as the dollar.
In February 2018, Bank
of England governor Mark Carney said that cryptocurrencies have «failed» to behave
as currencies because they are not an effective «store
of value» and because «nobody uses [them]
as a
medium of exchange.»
And,
in the grand scheme
of things, it is mostly true today that cryptocurrencies don't have meaningful «industrial [or] consumer use except
as a
medium of exchange.»
As investor Salil Deshpande
of Bain Capital Ventures describes it
in a new
Medium post about the outfit, this last scenario alone is a huge opportunity, given that «regulatory, tax and legal issues make it onerous and costly for cryptotraders to trade with fiat, and many crypto
exchanges do not even offer the ability to use fiat.
If they are to succeed — not only
as a fringe
medium of exchange or speculative investment, but
as real competitors with government currencies — some new programmers are going to have to come along and make currencies whose digital coins are created
in a much different manner than the current ones.
Not only this, but the regulatory agency has also stated that
in the country
of Columbia, the only
medium of exchange that is deemed
as legal consists
of the country's fiat currency, issued by the Bank
of the Republic.
While virtual currencies do not have legal tender status
in any jurisdiction, they operate like «real» currency
in that they are accepted
as a
medium of exchange.
Not sure what to conclude — different people will come to different answers, but
in my mind the use
of cryptos
as a
medium of exchange is for a limited set
of economic activity.
In order for currency on a scale such as local community currencies or loyalty points to be linked to other currencies, there is a need for a method to provide a medium of exchange that allows for the difference in scal
In order for currency on a scale such
as local community currencies or loyalty points to be linked to other currencies, there is a need for a method to provide a
medium of exchange that allows for the difference
in scal
in scale.
In his post on reddit, Lee explained that he felt his ownership stake was actually a burden on Litecoin's development
as a real - world
medium of exchange:
In this analogy the age
of Bitcoin's blockchain is similar to the thousands
of years
of recorded history where gold functioned not only
as a store
of wealth but also a real
medium of exchange.
While the cryptocurrency world has progressed swiftly since the emergence
of Bitcoin
in 2008, there is still some way to go before digital currencies are fully implemented
as a present day
mediums of exchange.
They are just a few examples
of how blockchain technology, combined with mobile
as a transaction and
exchange medium, are already breaking down price barriers to mining and profiting off
of cryptocurrency, and consumers and developers
in every country alike are paying attention.
Cryptocurrencies are neither official South African tender nor widely used and accepted
in South Africa
as a
medium of payment or
exchange.
In November 2016, the IDFPR published its request for comments on its proposed «Digital Currency Regulatory Guidance,» which defined digital currencies
as «an electronic
medium of exchange used to purchase goods and services.»
-LSB-...] If the digital currency will become less variable
in future, the assessment
of products
in these values can become easier and one can start to use them more frequently
as a
medium of exchange.
To accomplish that, the bill adds a definition
of virtual currency to the state's money services statute (8 V.S.A. § 2500 et seq.): «stored value that (A) can be a
medium of exchange, a unit
of account, or a store
of value; (B) has an equivalent value
in money or acts
as a substitute for money; (C) may be centralized or decentralized; and (D) can be
exchanged for money or other convertible virtual currency.»
Language, like money under inflationary conditions, loses its value
as a
medium of exchange when issued
in excessive quantity and without regard for the real assets underlying it.
Once people agreed to accept money
as the
medium of exchange, the accumulation
of property was
in principle without any moral limit.
Table 1: Selection, Design & Construction
of HSV - based Oncolytic Viruses Table 2: Selection, Design & Construction
of Adenovirus - based Oncolytic Viruses Table 3: Selection, Design & Construction
of Vaccinia Virus - based Oncolytic Viruses Table 4: Selection, Design & Construction
of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus - based Oncolytic Viruses Table 5: Selection, Design & Construction
of Newcastle Disease Virus - based Oncolytic Viruses Table 6: Selection, Design & Construction
of Various Virus - based Oncolytic Viruses Table 7: Current Company - Sponsored Clinical Trials
of T - Vec Table 8: Clinical Trials
of ColoAd1 Table 9: Clinical Trials with JX - 594 Table 10: Clinical Trials with GL - ONC1 Table 11: Clinical Trials
of CAVATAK (CVA21) Table 12: Clinical Trials with MV - NIS Table 13: Overview
of Oncolytic Viruses by Development Phase & Virus Family Table 14: Profile
of Approved and Marketed Oncolytic Viruses Table 15: Pivotal Study Design
of Oncolytic Viruses
in Late Stage Development Based on Previous Clinical Results Table 16: Approved Indications
of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Table 17: Active Clinical Studies
of Oncolytic Viruses
in Combination with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICI) Table 18: Planned Clinical Studies
of Oncolytic Viruses
in Combination with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICI) Table 19: Active or Planned Clinical Studies
of Oncolytic Viruses
in Combination with Other Anti-Cancer Therapeutics Table 20: Pattern
of Transgenes
in Oncolytic Viruses
in Relation to Development Phase Tables 21a and 21b: Indications and Frquency and Way
of Administration
of Oncolytic Viruses
in Active and / or Positive Completed Clinical Studies Table 22: Small and
Medium Pharma & Biotech
as Partner for Regional Co-Development
of Oncolytic Viruses Table 23: Immuno - Oncology Portfolio
of Major Pharma & Biotech with Interest
in Oncolytic Viruses Table 24: Interests
of Major Pharma & Biotech
in Oncolytic Viruses Table 25: First Generation Oncology Virus Companies and their Sources
of Technology Table 26: Second Generation Oncology Virus Companies and their Sources
of Technology Table 27: Third Generation Oncology Virus Companies and their Sources
of Technology Table 28: Fourth Generation Oncology Virus Companies and their Sources
of Technology Table 29: Grants, Credits & Donations Table 30: Financing by Venture Capital, Private Equity and Other Private Placements Table 31: Collaboration & Licensing Agreements Table 32: Companies Listed on Stock
Exchange & Offerings Table 33: Mergers & Acquisitions
Money is a
medium which can be
exchanged for goods and services and is used
as a measure
of their value
in the market.
The
Exchange Traded Fund (ETF) industry has enjoyed very strong growth
in recent years: ETFs are seen to be more transparent, lower cost, and over the
medium term better performing than the majority
of traditional actively managed mutual funds, whilst being just
as safe.
Questions that arise
in discussions about gold often include: if the financial system falls apart, what would we use
as a
medium of exchange?
Today, we use the system
of «fiat money» which says that currency is intrinsically worth only the paper it is printed on is is used only
as a
medium of exchange for the supply and demand
of goods and services
in an economy, including precious metals like gold and silver, with the value
of money allowed to fluctuate based on market forces.
The shared
medium of carved marble makes these venerated symbols and folkloric figures appear to have a family resemblance
as they meet head - on
in a cultural
exchange between the East and the West.
Other pieces, by David Levinthal, Cindy Sherman, and Lorna Simpson push the conventions
of photography to new limits and expand our understanding
of what the
medium can be, while photographs by international artists, such
as Shirin Neshat and Liu Wei exhibit the
exchange of ideas that is possible
in today's universally connected world.
This is an exhibition
as thesis
in three dimensions,
in which ideas about ballet
as a potent
medium of transatlantic
exchange and a pre-queer history are staked out.
Mateo's sculptural work makes use language
as a tool
of narrative and
of absurd abstraction, shifting
in scale, and
exchanging mediums in an attempt find a means a performative production.
For Hanson and Schmidhofer, landscape is a dynamic subject through which they live, move and exist, but also a
medium that is itself
in motion from one place or time to another, circulating
as a place
of exchange, a site
of visual appropriation, and a focus for the formation
of identity.
Medium of Exchange follows Soleimani's investigation
of the complex relationships between leaders
of OPEC countries and the West, finding both complicit
in warfare that has come
as a result
of oil interest.
In his work in various mediums, as Tom Williams wrote in A.i.A. in 2011, «he gives form to a complex exchange between art and racial politics, which the respective histories of these fields so often ignore.&raqu
In his work
in various mediums, as Tom Williams wrote in A.i.A. in 2011, «he gives form to a complex exchange between art and racial politics, which the respective histories of these fields so often ignore.&raqu
in various
mediums,
as Tom Williams wrote
in A.i.A. in 2011, «he gives form to a complex exchange between art and racial politics, which the respective histories of these fields so often ignore.&raqu
in A.i.A.
in 2011, «he gives form to a complex exchange between art and racial politics, which the respective histories of these fields so often ignore.&raqu
in 2011, «he gives form to a complex
exchange between art and racial politics, which the respective histories
of these fields so often ignore.»
Above all, he sees it
as a
medium of cross-cultural
exchange — one that first linked Virginia and the American colonies to Europe and other parts
of the world
in the age
of discovery and which continues to provide a connective thread
in the age
of globalism.
The 2018 Creative
Exchange highlights artists
in every
medium — including writers, performing artists, and visual artists — and features outstanding speakers on an array
of topics
as well
as plenty
of time for networking.
Replicating the natural environment
of a plant inside
of a house or apartment can be challenging,
as growers need to be able to replace the growth
medium (for the roots to be
in), the system for feeding them (fertilizing), the ventilation or air
exchange system, and the sunlight itself.
Now, while a blockchain application that utilises a digital currency
as a
medium of payment, (which is then converted later into dollars, or pounds sterling), is not a formal currency
exchange, it is involved indirectly
in converting digital currencies.
In light
of this consensus
as to the term's ordinary meaning, the Court concludes that «funds,» for the purposes
of § 1960, means pecuniary resources, which are generally accepted
as a
medium of exchange or a means
of payment.
Significant matters / transactions include: Advised Xstrata South Africa (Proprietary) Limited on its offer to purchase Lonmin plc's entire issued share capital, # 5 billion Advised Telkom SA Limited on its unbundling
of a 35 % stake
in Vodacom Group (Proprietary) Limited, R35 billion Advised Edgars Consolidated Stores Limited on its acquisition by Bain Capital, R25, 5 billion Advised The Standard Bank
of South Africa Limited and FirstRand Bank Limited (acting through its Rand Merchant Bank division) on the introduction
of BEE equity participation
in Sasol Limited and their arranging financing therefore, R25, 4 billion Advised FirstRand Bank Limited (acting through its Rand Merchant Bank division) and Nedbank Limited (acting through its Nedbank Capital division)
as lenders to Richards Bay Titanium (Proprietary) Limited and Richards Bay Mining (Proprietary) Limited, R19 billion Advised Citibank N.A. on a bridge loan granted to Turquoise Moon Trading 427 (Proprietary) Limited by Citibank N.A. and JP Morgan Chase, R10 billion Advised British American Tobacco plc on its secondary listing on the JSE, R550 billion Advised Pioneer Foods Limited on its listing on the JSE Securities
Exchange, R6 billion Advised the South African National Roads Agency Limited
in respect
of the Gauteng Freeway Improvement Project involving the construction and upgrade
of the Gauteng freeway and the procurement
of an open road tolling system, R44 billion Advised Absa Bank Limited (acting though its Absa Capital division), FirstRand Bank Limited (acting through its Rand Merchant Bank division) and Vunani Capital (
as co-lead arrangers) and the South Africa National Roads Agency Limited (
as issuer) on the establishment
of its South African Guaranteed Domestic
Medium Term Note Programme and the subsequent issue
of notes thereunder, R32 billion Advised Shoprite Checkers (Proprietary) Limited on the proposed Brait Private Equity private equity buy - out (this did not proceed), R12 billion Advised Reclamation Holdings (Proprietary) Limited and various shareholders on the acquisition by Capitalworks Private Equity SP GP (Proprietary) Limited and Old Mutual Life Assurance Company South Africa Limited
of a 20 % equity stake
in Reclamation Holdings (Proprietary) Limited from various shareholders, R511 million Clients include: Multinationals, listed companies, financial institutions, entrepreneurs and Government