Both men, from their differing perspectives on culture — Berger
as a sociologist of religion and Lewis as a professor of English literature — have allowed play to be the activity we have described in Chapter Two.
Inasmuch
as the sociologist of religion is confronted with the necessity of accounting for apparently identical or similar patterns in religious behavior, ideas, and forms of organizations on different cultural levels, he is interested in a constructive solution of the apparent dilemma.
Greeley's project
as a sociologist of religion.
Our models can become «seductive simulations,»
as sociologist of science Myanna Lahsen put it, [3] with the modelers, other scientists, the public, and policymakers easily forgetting that the models are not reality but must be tested by it.
Not exact matches
As one pair
of sociologists from The University
of North Texas and Rice put it, «in a society that encourages men to be dominant and women to be submissive, having the image
of tall men hovering over short women reinforces» the very idea that men must be the aggressors and the chasers when it comes to romantic relationships.
According to the
sociologist Harriet B. Presser,
as of 2003, two - fifths
of American workers were working non-standard hours — «in the evening, at night, on a rotating shift, or during the weekend» — and she wasn't counting those who bring their work home and do it on their off - hours, or who are self - employed.»
Moreover, it is now doubtful whether the efficient market hypothesis makes any kind
of sense. Indeed, a great many economists and bankers have discovered Minskyâ $ ™ s views on financial fragility and his financial instability hypothesis, according to which banks and financial markets can not be left to themselves: we need regulations even though regulating markets may not succeed in avoiding another crisis once the memory
of the current crisis has faded away.
As told to me by a law student recently hired by Blackrock, the largest asset manager in the world, with assets totalling more than 3,500 billion dollars â $ «thatâ $ ™ s one and a half times larger than UBS and twice
as large
as PIMCO â $ «many asset managers are now turning away from hiring neoclassical economists and actually prefer hiring engineers,
sociologists and even philosophers.
And some
of us are troubled by the shallow reasoning that has dominated the political discussions surrounding this move,
as though the threadbare idea
of equality were enough to settle every question concerning the long - term destiny
of mankind and
as though the writings
of the anthropologists (not to mention the poets, the philosophers, the theologians, the novelists, the
sociologists) counted for nothing beside the slogans
of Stonewall.
Alternatively, many
sociologists predicted that, with the increasing emphasis on individualism and the therapeutic in American culture, religion would have an increasingly marginal influence on domestic life, and the traditional family
as the 1950s knew it would gradually disappear in the face
of «family modernization,»
as some theorists called it.
He frequently cites the work
of Frank Furstenburg and Arlie Hochschild, two
sociologists of family and gender relations whose views are by no means ideologically conservative, and he avoids value - loaded language, especially when it comes to describing the mainline Protestant churches whose leadership has, by and large, capitulated to the secular - elitist acceptance
of extramarital sex, abortion, homosexuality, and other practices that conservative Christians view
as inimical to moral life and family health.
Consciously or unconsciously, the movement also validates an insight which
sociologists confirm: The best predictor
of whether a child will remain religious
as an adult is not the religiosity
of the mother — for children tend to take that for granted — but
of the father, because he is not expected to be religious.
Distinguished
sociologist Peter Berger defends what he regards
as American civil religion, the first commandment
of which is (he says) «Thou shalt be tolerant!»
«There is a small decline in church attendance over time, but not nearly
as large
as suggested in popular culture, or even by some social scientists,» said University
of Nebraska - Lincoln
sociologist Philip Schwadel, who conducted the study.
For several years now, my work
as a
sociologist has circled around the phenomenon
of pluralism.
Most Wiccans identify
as witches, and they form the largest branch
of the burgeoning neo-pagan movement, said Helen A. Berger, a
sociologist who specializes in the study
of contemporary Paganism and witchcraft at Brandeis University.
But to preclude the imposition
of a priori evolutionary categories on the nature
of religious belief, let us accept the definition
of religion
as given by the historians and
sociologists of religion.
Now Professor
of Sociology at both the University
of Chicago and the University
of Arizona, Greeley repeatedly asserts his dual identity
as both priest and
sociologist, and in the latter capacity he adamantly insists that he is a «scientist,» usually defining that term in an old - fashioned positivist manner.
If
sociologists have tended to center on the foregoing argument and to single out work
as the basis
of their assessment
of our present inability to play authentically, theologians and philosophers have tended to: focus upon a second area: America's distorted value structure that has accepted
as true the «mindscape»
of technology 48 This is Theodore Roszak's phrase, and his discussion can perhaps serve
as a helpful starting point.
As both a
sociologist and a Christian (though he admits that he has not yet found the heresy into which his theological views comfortably fit), Berger attempts to deal with the alleged demise
of the supernatural in our modern world.
Joachim Wach, a
sociologist of religion, has suggested four characteristics
of religious experience and belief: (1) Religion «is a response to what is experienced
as ultimate reality; that is, in religious experiences we reach not to any single or finite phenomenon, material or otherwise, but to what we realize
as under - girding and conditioning all that constitutes our world
of experience.»
An interpreter
of the survey for the United States, the renowned German
sociologist Hans Joas, comes to the accurate conclusion that in comparison with Europe: «The United States is very much alive
as a religious society».
The department was proposed by Phil Zuckerman, a
sociologist of religion, who describes himself
as «culturally Jewish, but agnostic - atheist on questions
of deep mystery.»
These are to be distinguished from fraudulent pretenders to the title such
as Colonel Qaddafi's Popular Democratic Republic, the so - called Democratic Republics
of the old USSR, etc.) The
sociologist Peter Berger, against his own earlier predilections, has shown in The Capitalist Revolution that among all existing nations capitalism is a necessary (but not sufficient) condition for democracy.
A
sociologist like William Julius Wilson can underline the importance
of economic factors, pointing to the precipitous decline in manufacturing, and at the same time write frankly about the destructive influence
of ghetto culture which lacks a viable middle class that once served
as a «social buffer.
When
sociologist Orrin Klapp, in 1962, categorized the five most popular American social types, he included among «winners» giants
of intellect
as well
as exemplars
of brawny physique (Heroes, Villains, Fools: The Changing American Character [Prentice - Hall], chapter 1).
Sociologist Penny Edgell Becker's survey
of mainline pastors in upstate New York found that more than 85 percent believe that «God approves
of all families» and almost half reject the term «family ministry»
as exclusionary.
The problems appear in much that precedes them, reflecting a general ignorance
of American religious history and the
sociologist's fallacy
of regarding everything that happens now
as something new and unprecedented.
As Bass asserts, solutions for dea1ing with the increasing pressures
of time — pressures that mar our days — will not be found in the writings
of historians, economists or
sociologists.
In addition,
sociologists can object that the concept
of plausibility structures
as venues
of discourse and interaction diminishes the importance
of other kinds
of social resources for maintaining religion.
Inasmuch
as the growth
of religious fervor in élite religious groups may lead to hierarchical development (order, sect), the
sociologist of religion may combine his study
of intensity and size with that
of the structure
of the group.
Emilio Willems, a
sociologist from the United States, sees the growth
of Pentecostalism
as a reaction to the pressures for survival and social ascent that have accompanied modernization.
the preoccupation
of the psychologist with purely human behavior, its description, and development; the preoccupation
of the
sociologist and cultural anthropologist with the forms and development
of society, make these mental health professionals unable to define the function
of the churchman, though their professions may well be
of immense importance in providing information when the clergyman thinks through his unique and necessary role
as pastor to persons.
There can be some doubt
as to how the work
of the special
sociologist of religion should be organized, that is, in which order he would proceed best.
The growth and decline
of specifically religious organizations and groups is a theme
of the greatest importance to the
sociologist as well
as to the historian
of religion.
A. Gerd Thessen, a German
sociologist and New Testament scholar speaks
of the first followers
of Jesus
as «wandering charismatics».
Sociologists can more tellingly object that plausibility structures may not go far enough toward specifying the importance
of social conditions
as an influence on religion.
This is not to deny the importance
of social ties and social locations (were I to do so, I would have to resign my commission
as a
sociologist).
The
sociologist of religion, interested in the study
of a cultic group, can not be satisfied with reviewing its theology
as the foundation
of the theory and practice
of fellowship among its members.
George Bernard Shaw Peter L. Berger, the most eminent
sociologist of religion in the world today, many
of whose sociological works
as Berger says «read like a treatise on atheism,» has written a mature and skeptical affirmation
of Christianity in his new book Questions
of Faith: A...
«Festivals and pilgrimages,» I have said in another context, «are outstanding occasions, for here we find a close interrelation between different cultic activities such
as purifications, lustrations, prayer, vows, offerings, sacrifices, and processions all
of which are
of particular interest both to the historian and the
sociologist of religion» (Sociology
of Religion, p. 42).
There emerge types
of religious leaders — whose lives the historian has illumined, whose intellectual and emotional makeup the psychologist has investigated, and whose social role the
sociologist has explored —
as well
as types
of religious groupings and religious institutions.
But the scheme
sociologists of religion use is,
as yet, not differentiated, not fine and detailed enough.
Sociologists also look to the relatively low church attendance rates in Europe
as evidence
of the decline
of religion.
Of the pain that this necessarily entails we shall speak later; here let it be said that it is erroneous to assume,
as have some careless theologians and
sociologists among others, that human wrong is located in self - concern.
I see Jesus
as the ultimate
sociologist today, in the spirit
of questioning «what we take for granted».
The
sociologists Richard Lloyd and Terry Nichols Clark think
of the city, and they mean this
as praise,
as an «entertainment machine» whose residents «can experience their own urban location
as if tourists, emphasising aesthetic concerns».
It may be said, speaking in very general terms, that in asserting the zoological nature
of the Noosphere we confirm the
sociologists» view
of human institutions
as organic.
In the first place, the leaders
of the church have been induced to listen very closely to the social scientists and
sociologists, and thus they have adopted programs and ideas
of social planning which, worthy
as they may be, can often be recognized only with difficulty
as the real concern
of the church.
As early as 1960, sociologists of religion reported that pastors and laity experienced congregations as fragmented.2 That was only the beginning of the larger cultural transition that has continued ever sinc
As early
as 1960, sociologists of religion reported that pastors and laity experienced congregations as fragmented.2 That was only the beginning of the larger cultural transition that has continued ever sinc
as 1960,
sociologists of religion reported that pastors and laity experienced congregations
as fragmented.2 That was only the beginning of the larger cultural transition that has continued ever sinc
as fragmented.2 That was only the beginning
of the larger cultural transition that has continued ever since.
This contrasts with the climate
of American public schooling
as described by
sociologist Anthony Bryk et al. in Catholic Schools and the Common Good (1993, 2009): «Mirroring the spiritual vacuum at the heart
of contemporary American society, schools now enculturate this emptiness in our children....