Sentences with phrase «as aerosol sources»

«Current emission inventories do not account for cultural burning practices in Asia as aerosol sources,» said Chakrabarty, who is originally from the Northeastern region of India.

Not exact matches

Another source of uncertainty comes from the direct effect of aerosols from human origins: How much do they reflect and absorb sunlight directly as particles?

The lasers themselves could be located up to a few hundred meters away from the radioactive source, Isaacs said, as long as line - of - sight was maintained and the air was not too turbulent or polluted with aerosols.

The research focuses on the power of minute airborne particles known as aerosols, which can come from urban and industrial air pollution, wildfires and other sources.

A third key hypothesis involves acidic aerosols released at volcanic sites, such as acid fog, dispersed throughout the atmosphere, and interacting subsequently with the finer components of soil as a source of widespread hydrated iron - sulfate salts.

Aerosols are solid or liquid particles suspended in the atmosphere, consisting of (in rough order of abundance): sea salt, mineral dust, inorganic salts such as ammonium sulfate (which has natural as well as anthropogenic sources from e.g. coal burning), and carbonaceous aerosol such as soot, plant emissions, and incompletely combusted fossil fuel.

Wang, M. Gao, Q. Zhang, K. He, G. Carmichael, U. Pöschl and H. Su: Reactive nitrogen chemistry in aerosol water as a source of sulfate during haze events in China, Science Advances 2 (12), e1601530, doi: 10.1126 / sciadv.1601530, 2016.

Scientists employed methods developed in this study to tag each source of aerosol, such as fossil - fuel burning from vehicles and power plants, or biomass burning, and follow its path in the model.

Expectations of decreases in large source regions such as China [195] may be counteracted by aerosol increases other places as global population continues to increase.

In general, the risk of aerosol transmission increases with proximity and duration of exposure to the source; however, once aerosolized, certain pathogens may remain infective over long distances, depending on particle size, the nature of the pathogen, and such environmental factors as temperature and humidity.3

And as tropospheric aerosols have an average lifetime of only 4 days before raining out, the influence must be at and near the sources... Thus what is the real influence of aerosols?

Possible candidates are an as - yet - unquantified increase in aerosol forcings from Asian sources.

Scientists found that emissions of tiny air particles from human - made sources — known as anthropogenic aerosols — were the cause.

Fertilizer production will almost certainly keep growing to keep pace with human population, but the amount of aerosols created as a result depends on many factors, including air temperature, precipitation, season, time of day, wind patterns and of course the other needed ingredients from industrial or natural sources.

Sources such as the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES), Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments on the Aura satellite, the Cloud - Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO), and the ground - based Aerosol Robotic Network (Aeronet) will be used, requiring the input of both the modeling and observational communities.

Yet, over rapidly developing countries such as China and India, significant increasing trends in AOD are seen in these source regions and their surrounding downwind oceans, particularly during the dry winter / postmonsoon months when the atmosphere is relatively stable, thus favoring accumulation of aerosols.

Warming in the tropics and the southern hemisphere has been quite steady, even though there are plenty of aerosols there (although they are different, the major sources in the SH being sea spray and in the tropics sand from the Sahara as well as agricultural burning in Brazil and Africa.

As far as the original post goes, if you simply look at calculated forcings from known sources (Volcanic Aerosol, Solar Irradience and Greenhouse gases) you can replicate the last 150 years of temperature records surprisingly well; take any of these factors out and you can noAs far as the original post goes, if you simply look at calculated forcings from known sources (Volcanic Aerosol, Solar Irradience and Greenhouse gases) you can replicate the last 150 years of temperature records surprisingly well; take any of these factors out and you can noas the original post goes, if you simply look at calculated forcings from known sources (Volcanic Aerosol, Solar Irradience and Greenhouse gases) you can replicate the last 150 years of temperature records surprisingly well; take any of these factors out and you can not.

New evidence shows that the ocean also acts as a source of organic matter from biogenic origin -LSB-...] Surface - active organic matter of biogenic origin -LSB-...] enriched in the oceanic surface layer and transferred to the atmosphere by bubble - bursting processes, are the most likely candidates to contribute to the observed organic fraction in marine aerosol.

Why wouldn't (or couldn't) NOAA acknowledge geoengineering atmospheric aerosol dispersions as a source of particulate pollution?

Real Climate defines «aerosols» as ``... solid or liquid particles suspended in the atmosphere, consisting of (in rough order of abundance): sea salt, mineral dust, inorganic salts such as ammonium sulfate (which has natural as well as anthropogenic sources from e.g. coal burning), and carbonaceous aerosol such as soot, plant emissions, and incompletely combusted fossil fuel.»

It delves into the impacts of aerosols, which are tiny pollutants of mineral dust, soot and organic matter emitted by sources such as power plants, factories and quarries.

Estimating the actual optical properties of the ejecta is important, as is the background level of aerosols from other sources (e.g. industrial).

During the 1950s and 1960s, average global temperatures levelled off, as increases in aerosols from fossil fuels and other sources cooled the planet.

Everyday terms that hint at aerosol sources, such as smoke, ash, haze, dust, pollution, and soot are widely used as well.

In order to grasp the reasons behind the discrepancies, we investigate the effect of aerosol sources that are not properly included in the model's emission inventory and in the boundary conditions such as the wildfires and the desert dust component.

Aerosols have both natural and human sources, so if we just assume aerosol concentration variation in the atmosphere will continue as it has for the last 165 years, then future AGW can be projected with TCR (1 + beta) where beta is the historical fraction of CO2 radiative forcing caused by all other GHG and aAerosols have both natural and human sources, so if we just assume aerosol concentration variation in the atmosphere will continue as it has for the last 165 years, then future AGW can be projected with TCR (1 + beta) where beta is the historical fraction of CO2 radiative forcing caused by all other GHG and aerosolsaerosols.

As it is now, temperature response to volcanic forcing leads events in some cases which is obviously wrong and volcanic (aerosols) forcing direct and indirect effects are the second largest source of model uncertainty.

The authors examine various potential causes of aerosol increases and identify a number of small volcanoes over the last decade as the most plausible source.

As aerosols have a short lifetime, the highest impact is a few thousands of km in the main wind direction downwind of the main sources.

Despite this, they list their level of confidence of aerosols and precursors as High (Figure 2), but that only applies to anthropogenic sources.

Given that, if one wants freedom of choice and an efficient market, shouldn't one accept a market solution (tax / credit or analogous system based on public costs, applied strategically to minimize paperwork (don't tax residential utility bills — apply upstream instead), applied approximately fairly to both be fair and encourage an efficient market response (don't ignore any significant category, put all sources of the same emission on equal footing; if cap / trade, allow some exchange between CO2 and CH4, etc, based CO2 (eq); include ocean acidification, etc.), allowing some approximation to that standard so as to not get very high costs in dealing with small details and also to address the biggest, most - well understood effects and sources first (put off dealing with the costs and benifits of sulphate aerosols, etc, until later if necessary — but get at high - latitude black carbon right away)?

Backing that up, NASA says that 1) sea surface temperature fluctuations (El Niño - La Niña) can cause global temperature deviation of about 0.2 °C; 2) solar maximums and minimums produce variations of only 0.1 °C, warmer or cooler; 3) aerosols from natural sources such as volcanic eruptions (Mount Pinatubo for example) have caused average cooling of 0.3 °C, but recent eruptions have had not had significant effect.

It means an accumulation of things such as climate changes, animal extinction threats, rising sea levels, ocean acidity, less saline density in the ocean, glacial melting, and less carbon sinks (deforestation) or reversal of sinks to sources, which according to the article below is based upon aerosols.

As geo - engineering proponents acknowledge, schemes like sulfur aerosol address only the symptoms, not the source, of global climate change.

Warming from decade to decade can also be affected by human factors such as variations in the emissions, from coal - fired power plants and other pollution sources, of greenhouse gases and of aerosols (airborne particles that can have both warming and cooling effects).

The climate feedbacks involved with these changes, which are key in understanding the climate system as a whole, include: + the importance of aerosol absorption on climate + the impact of aerosol deposition which affects biology and, hence, emissions of aerosols and aerosol precursors via organic nitrogen, organic phosphorus and iron fertilization + the importance of land use and land use changes on natural and anthropogenic aerosol sources + the SOA sources and impact on climate, with special attention on the impact human activities have on natural SOA formation In order to quantitatively answer such questions I perform simulations of the past, present and future atmospheres, and make comparisons with measurements and remote sensing data, all of which help understand, evaluate and improve the model's parameterizations and performance, and our understanding of the Earth system.

Topics that I work on or plan to work in the future include studies of: + missing aerosol species and sources, such as the primary oceanic aerosols and their importance on the remote marine atmosphere, the in - cloud and aerosol water aqueous formation of organic aerosols that can lead to brown carbon formation, the primary terrestrial biological particles, and the organic nitrogen + missing aerosol parameterizations, such as the effect of aerosol mixing on cloud condensation nuclei and aerosol absorption, the semi-volatility of primary organic aerosols, the importance of in - canopy processes on natural terrestrial aerosol and aerosol precursor sources, and the mineral dust iron solubility and bioavailability + the change of aerosol burden and its spatiotemporal distribution, especially with regard to its role and importance on gas - phase chemistry via photolysis rates changes and heterogeneous reactions in the atmosphere, as well as their effect on key gas - phase species like ozone + the physical and optical properties of aerosols, which affect aerosol transport, lifetime, and light scattering and absorption, with the latter being very sensitive to the vertical distribution of absorbing aerosols + aerosol - cloud interactions, which include cloud activation, the aerosol indirect effect and the impact of clouds on aerosol removal + changes on climate and feedbacks related with all these topics In order to understand the climate system as a whole, improve the aerosol representation in the GISS ModelE2 and contribute to future IPCC climate change assessments and CMIP activities, I am also interested in understanding the importance of natural and anthropogenic aerosol changes in the atmosphere on the terrestrial biosphere, the ocean and climate.

For a comprehensive GCM I can count oceans, land, atmosphere, ice, biological processes, organic and inorganic chemical processes, human - made sources and other effects, radiative energy transport, conduction and convective heat transfer, phase change, clouds and aerosols, as some of the important system components, phenomena, and processes.

Organic carbon aerosol from fossil fuel sources is invariably internally and externally mixed to some degree with other combustion products such as sulphate and black carbon (e.g., Novakov et al., 1997; Ramanathan et al., 2001b).