Sentences with phrase «as aerosols into»

Other scientists have considered injecting tiny particles known as aerosols into the stratosphere, the region above the troposphere, as a way to cool the planet, Science magazine reported.

Not exact matches

Not to mention, you'll have to clean house pretty well if the Burglar Blaster does go off, as aerosol capsaicin won't just disperse into thin air.

The fan ran onto the pitch and sprayed tear - gas from an aerosol can into the eyes of the keeper, who then conceded a goal as he struggled to clear his temporary blindness.

Now, research suggests that for the past decade, such stratospheric aerosols — injected into the atmosphere by either recent volcanic eruptions or human activities such as coal burning — are slowing down global warming.

Climate change is likely to influence rainfall patterns in the Sierra Nevada as well as the amount of dust that makes its way into the atmosphere, so the hope is that a better understanding of how aerosols affect precipitation will help water managers in the future.

Aerosol particles act as seeds, around which water vapour condenses into cloud droplets.

Toxins and nicotine have been measured in that aerosol, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetic acid and other toxins emitted into the air, though at lower levels compared to conventional cigarette emissions.

Geoengineering — the intentional manipulation of the climate to counter the effect of global warming by injecting aerosols artificially into the atmosphere — has been mooted as a potential way to deal with climate change.

Sea spray droplets are aerosol water particles that are ejected into the atmosphere as waves break at the ocean surface.

Since the 1990s, scientists have been discussing using aircraft to inject aerosols, such as sulfates, into the atmosphere as a form of geoengineering to mimic volcanic eruptions that sometimes cool the planet by casting shades of particulate matter.

Black carbon aerosols — particles of carbon that rise into the atmosphere when biomass, agricultural waste, and fossil fuels are burned in an incomplete way — are important for understanding climate change, as they absorb sunlight, leading to higher atmospheric temperatures, and can also coat Arctic snow with a darker layer, reducing its reflectivity and leading to increased melting.

The sulfuric acid condensed into minute droplets — each two hundred times finer than the width of a human hair — that could easily remain suspended in the air as an aerosol cloud.

Taking factors such as sea surface temperature, greenhouse gases and natural aerosol particles into consideration, the researchers determined that changes in the concentration of black carbon could be the primary driving force behind the observed alterations to the hydrological cycle in the region.

Plants release gases that, after atmospheric oxidation, tend to stick to aerosol particles, growing them into the larger - sized particles that reflect sunlight and also serve as the basis for cloud droplets.

Funded by the U.K. government, SPICE was set up in 2010 by British research institutions to investigate whether aerosols, such as sulfate particles, could be injected into Earth's stratosphere to scatter sunlight back into space, thereby stalling global warming.

Possible alternative extinction mechanisms, such as intense and prolonged darkness from soot and aerosols injected into the atmosphere, should continue to be investigated.

The relative atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases as well as aerosol and particulate content coupled with other climate information gives insight into both the importance of these as drivers of temperature as well as how these drivers might couple in either a positive or negative feedback sense (Beckman and Mahoney, 1998).

The team injected citric, adipic, and fulvic acid into the chamber as seed aerosols, and then introduced a secondary organic aerosol from α - pinene, a carbon - containing compound derived from pine trees.

The mice were divided into six groups as follows: a) control group (no therapy), b) only gene therapy inhalation, c) aerosol gene therapy plus aerosol cisplatin, d) aerosol cisplatin, e) intratumoral cispaltin and f) intratumoral cisplatin plus vector.

Incoming energy, which comes primarily from the sun, is turned into various forms of absorbed energy, depending on terrain and atmospheric conditions such as clouds and aerosol particles.

As an additional influence, intermittent volcanic activity injects cooling aerosols into the atmosphere and produces significant cooling.

Possible reasons include increased oceanic circulation leading to increased subduction of heat into the ocean, higher than normal levels of stratospheric aerosols due to volcanoes during the past decade, incorrect ozone levels used as input to the models, lower than expected solar output during the last few years, or poorly modeled cloud feedback effects.

Airborne particles in the form of naturally occurring dusts and human - produced aerosols can serve as ice nuclei, sites around which water vapor condenses into clouds.

Equipment and Personal Items: ☐ Two 1 - liter water bottles: durable and reusable ☐ Locking carabiner (for clipping a water bottle or personal dry bag into a raft or inflatable kayak ☐ Headlamp or flashlight (consider bringing extra batteries) ☐ Sunglasses (preferably polarized) with securing strap (consider bringing a spare) ☐ Small, quick - drying towel ☐ Toiletries, including biodegradable soap (such as Campsuds or Dr. Bronner's) ☐ Sunscreen and lip protection: waterproof & SPF 30 or higher (aerosol sprays not recommended) ☐ Moisturizing lotion or cream ☐ Insect repellent ☐ Personal first aid kit (Band - aids, antibiotic ointment, ibuprofen, moleskin, eye drops, etc.) ☐ Spare pair of glasses and / or contacts ☐ Cash for gratuities

With a small amount of LW penetrating into the first three meters and a normal mid-ocean Wind and Wave complex most of the radiant energy is also returned to the atmosphere if not as direct heat then in the form of warm salt aerosols?

Note too that the details of how aerosols are implemented in any specific model can also make a difference to the forcing, and there are many (as yet untested) assumptions built into the forcing reconstructions.

That is, other feedbacks come into play — vegetation, ice sheets, aerosols, CH4 etc. will all change as a function a warming (or cooling), which are not included in the standard climate sensitivity definition.

Additionally, the aerosol pollutant hypothesis ignores the fact that, despite the US Clean Air Act, the countries with the largest populations, such as India and China, did not adopt pollution controls until well into the 21st century.

Does anybody here know roughly how many tonnes of CO2 is released into the global atmosphere daily by just the consumption of carbonated drinks, eg: coke, fanta even sparkling mineral water and all the aerosol cans that use compressed CO2 as the propellant.

Rough calculations show if you drill about a dozen mine shafts as deep as possible into the thing, and plunk megaton nuclear bombs down there, and then fire them off simultaneously, you'll get a repeat of the Long Valley Caldera explosion of about 800,000 years ago — which coated everything east of it with miles of ash and injected a giant aerosol cloud into the stratosphere — the ash layer alone formed a triangle stretching from the caldera to Louisiana to North Dakota, including all of Arizona and most of Idaho and everything in between — I bet that would have a cooling factor of at least -30 W / m ^ 2 — and you could go and do the Yellowstone Plateau at the same time — geoengineering at its finest.

And we could even allow more sulphate aerosol into the atmosphere, as this has proven successful at global dimming — taking care about not to release «pollution» near centres of population where it could damage health.

First, for changing just CO2 forcing (or CH4, etc, or for a non-GHE forcing, such as a change in incident solar radiation, volcanic aerosols, etc.), there will be other GHE radiative «forcings» (feedbacks, though in the context of measuring their radiative effect, they can be described as having radiative forcings of x W / m2 per change in surface T), such as water vapor feedback, LW cloud feedback, and also, because GHE depends on the vertical temperature distribution, the lapse rate feedback (this generally refers to the tropospheric lapse rate, though changes in the position of the tropopause and changes in the stratospheric temperature could also be considered lapse - rate feedbacks for forcing at TOA; forcing at the tropopause with stratospheric adjustment takes some of that into account; sensitivity to forcing at the tropopause with stratospheric adjustment will generally be different from sensitivity to forcing without stratospheric adjustment and both will generally be different from forcing at TOA before stratospheric adjustment; forcing at TOA after stratospehric adjustment is identical to forcing at the tropopause after stratospheric adjustment).

Since aerosols last much longer in the stratosphere than they do in the rainy troposphere, the amount of aerosol - forming substance that would need to be injected into the stratosphere annually is far less than what would be needed to give a similar cooling effect in the troposphere, though so far as the stratospheric aerosol burden goes, it would still be a bit like making the Earth a permanently volcanic planet (think of a Pinatubo or two a year, forever).

It calls into question the importance of aerosols in the driving the differences in NH and SH temperatures (as Mike and Kevin noted).

A well - designed system would include, for example, maintaining backup infrastructure — such as additional airfields and jets for releasing aerosols into the stratosphere, says Parker.

Natural clouds eventually drifted into view under the manmade over-story but they did not have the usual majestic appearance as they were «melted» into engineered clouds above due to the aerosol saturation.

Brown clouds contain dark aerosols such as soot that are released into the atmosphere by burning organic matter.

So there was alarm in the 1970s when researchers first warned that extremely stable man - made compounds such as CFCs, used in refrigerants and aerosols, were floating up into the stratosphere, where they released chlorine and bromine atoms that break down ozone molecules.

And, volcanic eruptions are very different from human produced aerosols as they put the aerosol into the stratosphere, rather than the troposphere.

Pulses of energy are transmitted into the atmosphere; the energy scattered back to the transceiver is collected and measured as a time - resolved signal, thereby detecting clouds and aerosols in real time.

While I can't speak as an expert, I did do a little more digging, this time into the IPCC AR4 WG1 and found a lot of information on aerosol modelling and the newest developments.

As the emission of aerosols in the 1940s onwards tended to be into a cleaner atmosphere they may have had a larger effect.

This reimagined Anthropocene rests on a seamless transition from the fact that humans have always modified their environments to a defense of a postmodern «cyber nature» under human supervision, as if there is no qualitative difference between fire - stick farming and spraying sulfate aerosols into the stratosphere to regulate Earth's temperature.

In this effort they have been joined by the Bipartisan Policy Center, a conservative Washington non-profit, whose report last month rebranded geoengineering «climate remediation» so as to make sulphate aerosol injections into the stratosphere sound healthful.

2) There are errors in the assumed forcings, such as: a) AR5 let stratospheric aerosol concentration go to zero after 2000 (a sure way to prod the models into higher predictions), but it actually increased for the next 10 years «probably due to a large number of small volcanic eruptions».

It delves into the impacts of aerosols, which are tiny pollutants of mineral dust, soot and organic matter emitted by sources such as power plants, factories and quarries.

According to Wikipedia at least, dimethyl sulfide can be oxidized into several compounds which have «the potential to create new aerosols which act as cloud condensation nuclei.»

Variations in 20th century trends which do not correlate to c02 are routinely dismissed as either aerosols or heat going into the oceans, when it is very clear these are related to PDO cycles, which means climate sensitivity to c02 must be overstated.

One potential solution to combat global warming that some scientists are proposing is spraying aerosols into the atmosphere to deflect the sun's rays, which is also known as Solar Radiation Management.

As we (and a number of other mainstream news outlets) reported, Robert Kaufmann and colleagues analysed the impact of growing coal use, particularly in China, and the cooling effect of the sulphate aerosol particles emitted into the atmosphere.