Sentences with phrase «as atmospheric measurements»

Other data, such as atmospheric measurements, were not held by the permit holder or submitted to the government.

In the new paper, published in the journal Environmental Research Letters, Höglund - Isaksson estimated global methane emissions from oil and gas systems in over 100 countries over a 32 - year period, using a variety of country - specific data ranging from reported volumes of associated gas to satellite imagery that can show flaring, as well as atmospheric measurements of ethane, a gas which is released along with methane and easier to link more directly to oil and gas activities.

Not exact matches

All this modelling work, combined with in situ measurements (oceanographic campaigns recently carried out as part of the AMOP project) help improve our understanding of the interactions between biogeochemistry, atmospheric circulation and oceanic circulation.

The measurement method using the harmonic interferometer that we have developed does not depend upon gas composition used when plasma is produced, as compared to other electron density diagnostic methods for atmospheric pressure low - temperature plasma.

Using this method that has been developed by high - temperature plasma diagnostics, as shown in Image 2, we have succeeded in greatly reducing the influence of atmospheric pressure (gas), which was a problem in high - accuracy measurement of atmospheric pressure low - temperature plasma.

«According to our long - term measurements, the atmospheric levels of PCBs at background sites in Africa are lower than in Europe, but the urban, and especially industrial, sites have the same PCB levels in Africa as they do in Europe.»

But the atmospheric circulation reverses direction twice a year, and strong winds have been revealed in the upper atmosphere by cloud tracking and the brief measurements the Huygens probe made in 2005 as it descended towards the moon.

Bringing together observed and simulated measurements on ocean temperatures, atmospheric pressure, water soil and wildfire occurrences, the researchers have a powerful tool in their hands, which they are willing to test in other regions of the world: «Using the same climate model configuration, we will also study the soil water and fire risk predictability in other parts of our world, such as the Mediterranean, Australia or parts of Asia,» concludes Timmermann.

Diving deeper into the complex puzzle of mass strandings, the team decided to expand their analysis and include additional oceanographic and atmospheric data sets from NASA's Earth science missions, including Terra, the Sea - viewing Wide Field - of - view Sensor — or SeaWIFS, for short — and Global Precipitation Measurement, as well as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite, or GOES, mission.

Because atmospheric conditions such as wind and temperature can greatly affect particulate - matter measurements, researchers from EPIC - India and the Evidence for Policy Design initiative at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, gathered data from air - quality monitors in New Delhi and placed monitors in three adjacent cities as a control.

Also, it is expected that the technique will be applied not only to astronomy, but also to wide - ranging fields such as spectroscopy, information network systems, atmospheric environment measurement, medical diagnostic technology, and fusion plasma diagnostics.

Measurements such as these may serve as an indicator of oceanic behavior, much as other indices are used to keep track of atmospheric climate.

Many of the planets discovered by EDEN around nearby stars will be suitable for in - depth atmospheric characterization, mass, radius, and bulk density measurements through follow - up observations with large ground - and space - based telescopes, such as NASA's James Webb Space Telescope.

The Finnish Meteorological Institute started meteorological observations on the island in 1881, and atmospheric trace gas and aerosol measurements as member of the EMEP - network in 1980.

The measurements of atmospheric composition were started in 1991, and the Sammaltunturi station was established as a node of the Pallas — Sodankylä Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) station in 1994.

Since most of the atmosphere was lost as part of a dramatic climate change, MAVEN will make definitive scientific measurement of present - day atmospheric loss that will offer insight into the Red Planet's history.

We find (i) measurements at all scales show that official inventories consistently underestimate actual CH4 [methane] emissions, with the natural gas and oil sectors as important contributors; (ii) many independent experiments suggest that a small number of «super-emitters» could be responsible for a large fraction of leakage; (iii) recent regional atmospheric studies with very high emissions rates are unlikely to be representative of typical natural gas system leakage rates; and (iv) assessments using 100 - year impact indicators show system - wide leakage is unlikely to be large enough to negate climate benefits of coal - to - natural gas substitution.

Such study will require multiple year - round exploration campaigns, including drilling of sub-sea permafrost to evaluate the sediment CH4 potential and comprehensive atmospheric measurements to assess the ESAS strength as a greenhouse gas source.

As NOAA's Mauna Loa measurement of atmospheric methane concentrations are only currently increasing at a rate of approximately 0.25 % per year (or 12.5 % change in 50 - years); how could anyone be concerned that the change in atmospheric methane burden in 50 - years could be 300 % (as per Isaken et al (2011) case 4XCH4; which would require an additional 0.80 GtCH4 / yr of methane emissions on top of the current rate of methane emissions of 0.54 GtCH4 / yrAs NOAA's Mauna Loa measurement of atmospheric methane concentrations are only currently increasing at a rate of approximately 0.25 % per year (or 12.5 % change in 50 - years); how could anyone be concerned that the change in atmospheric methane burden in 50 - years could be 300 % (as per Isaken et al (2011) case 4XCH4; which would require an additional 0.80 GtCH4 / yr of methane emissions on top of the current rate of methane emissions of 0.54 GtCH4 / yras per Isaken et al (2011) case 4XCH4; which would require an additional 0.80 GtCH4 / yr of methane emissions on top of the current rate of methane emissions of 0.54 GtCH4 / yr)?

Mike's work, like that of previous award winners, is diverse, and includes pioneering and highly cited work in time series analysis (an elegant use of Thomson's multitaper spectral analysis approach to detect spatiotemporal oscillations in the climate record and methods for smoothing temporal data), decadal climate variability (the term «Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation» or «AMO» was coined by Mike in an interview with Science's Richard Kerr about a paper he had published with Tom Delworth of GFDL showing evidence in both climate model simulations and observational data for a 50 - 70 year oscillation in the climate system; significantly Mike also published work with Kerry Emanuel in 2006 showing that the AMO concept has been overstated as regards its role in 20th century tropical Atlantic SST changes, a finding recently reaffirmed by a study published in Nature), in showing how changes in radiative forcing from volcanoes can affect ENSO, in examining the role of solar variations in explaining the pattern of the Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age, the relationship between the climate changes of past centuries and phenomena such as Atlantic tropical cyclones and global sea level, and even a bit of work in atmospheric chemistry (an analysis of beryllium - 7 measurements).

The work is an estimate of the global average based on a single - column, time - average model of the atmosphere and surface (with some approximations — e.g. the surface is not truly a perfect blackbody in the LW (long - wave) portion of the spectrum (the wavelengths dominated by terrestrial / atmospheric emission, as opposed to SW radiation, dominated by solar radiation), but it can give you a pretty good idea of things (fig 1 shows a spectrum of radiation to space); there is also some comparison to actual measurements.

... The National Weather Service (NWS) makes observations and measurements of atmospheric phenomena as required for climatological, hydrologic, meteorological, and oceanographic services.

Large scale dust storms change the atmospheric opacity and convection; as always when comparing mean temperatures, the altitude at which the measurement is made matters, but to the extent it is sensible to speak of a mean temperature for Mars, the evidence is for significant cooling from the 1970's, when Viking made measurements, compared to current temperatures.

Measurements of 13C / 12C on corals and sponges — whose carbonate shells reflect the ocean chemistry just as tree rings record the atmospheric chemistry — show that this decline began about the same time as in the atmosphere; that is, when human CO2 production began to accelerate in earnest.

The hawaii measurements are bridged by calculations showing the expected decline in pH as a result of elevated atmospheric CO2 levels.

It is demonstrated that even with historical SSTs as a boundary condition, most atmospheric models exhibit excessive tropical upper tropospheric warming relative to the lower - middle troposphere as compared with satellite - borne microwave sounding unit measurements.

The measurements of atmospheric composition were started in 1991, and the Sammaltunturi station was established as a node of the Pallas — Sodankylä Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) station in 1994.

Ocean heat flux is a turbulent and complex system [7] which utilizes atmospheric measurement techniques such as eddy covariance to measure the rate of heat transfer expressed in the unit of joules or watts per second.

The resulting best - estimate temperature data product for Lauder is expected to be valuable for satellite and model validation as measurements of atmospheric essential climate variables are sparse in the Southern Hemisphere.

We will interpret recently completed measurements of 35 chemical - proxies in the ice - core and relate these to similar studies in other Arctic ice cores, such as by using real - world contaminant transport to validate atmospheric circulation models and chemical - signature sourcing.

Initial condition uncertainty arises due to errors in the estimate of the starting conditions for the forecast, both due to limited observations of the atmosphere, and uncertainties involved in using indirect measurements, such as satellite data, to measure the state of atmospheric variables.

Also, there is paleoclimate data that contradicts the ice - core data, such as Stomata and we have 90,000 direct empirical chemical measurements dating back to 1812 of atmospheric with a 3 % accuracy that depicts CO2 as high as 440ppm (Beck 2007).

Among the criteria that Callendar used to reject measurements were any that deviated by 10 % or more from the average of the region, and any taken for special purposes such as such as «biological, soil, air, atmospheric pollution».

The measurements by Jaworowski of the surface - snow in Antarctica showed concentrations that underestimate the atmospheric CO2 concentration by as much as 20 - 50 %.

(Dr. Charles Keeling, who created the Mauna Loa Observatory CO2 measurement program, investigated the Suess effect as related to atmospheric CO2 as far back as 1979.)

If we were to engineer as sudden increase in C12 and C13 — containing CO2 in the atmosphere, then measure the decrease of the atmospheric concentration of these two isotopes over time, we would have answered the basic question above by direct measurement.

The clear indication that this way of thinking is flawed is by realising it would lead us to thinking we can't know the atmospheric concentration of CO2 as accurately as our measurements allow given we don't know the sources and sinks.

«Since 1990, surface ocean pH has directly been measured or calculated at several locations, with the average recent decrease estimated as 0.0019 pH units per year at the Hawaii Ocean Time - series (HOT; close to the site of long - term atmospheric CO2 measurements at Mauna Loa)[12]; 0.0017 per year based on transects in the North Pacific [13]; 0.0012 per year at the Bermuda Atlantic Time - Series (BATS)[14] and 0.0017 per year at the European Station for Time - Series in the Ocean at the Canary Islands (ESTOC)[15].

temperature, other climatic variables, and concentrations of aerosols and trace gases; and (2) making raw and processed atmospheric measurements accessible in a form that enables a number of different groups to replicate and experiment with the processing of the more widely disseminated data sets such as the MSU tropospheric temperature record.

Using SCIAMACHY satellite data as well as ground - based measurements from 2003 to 2009, researchers found that the region where Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah intersect had atmospheric methane concentrations equivalent to about 1.3 million pounds of emissions a year.

Measurements show that depletion of the ozone layer steadily worsened during the 1980s and most of the 1990s, but more recently as atmospheric amounts of chlorine and bromine have stabilized, a further worsening of ozone depletion appears to have been avoided.

It actually covers climate modeling, solar and atmospheric physics, temperature measurement, phenomena of clouds, precipitation, sea levels, and glaciology, as related to climate change.

Measurements of atmospheric isotopes such as C12 / C13 can not prove anything either because CO2 ′ s residence time based on the IPCC's figures in 2007 - AR4 is 3.8 years meaning the C12 / C13 ratio can not change substantially because human CO2 is rapidly absorbed by natural sinks.

The statement that only 55 % of human CO2 emissions have been removed by the biosphere / biosphere is something you'll have to prove, which is hard because as far as I'm aware human CO2 does not posses an isotopic signature that can be easily differentiated from natural sources — the arguments you often hear on Skeptical Science are measurements in changes of the C12 / C13 / C14 atmospheric mass, not individual CO2 molecules, which can be misleading.

For instance the Vostok ice - core data over 415,000 years has an average measurement - spacing of 756 years, meaning that the likelihood of measuring an increase in atmospheric CO2 as the one measured at Mauna Loa over the last 50 years, if one existed in the Vostok ice - core samples, amounts to 6.6 % (i.e. 50/756).

So, as the empirical measurements which I cited for you show, at present levels of atmospheric CO2 increases to the CO2 have no significant effect on global temperature.

Also, while we have good atmospheric measurements of other key greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, we have poor measurements of global water vapor, so it is not certain by how much atmospheric concentrations have risen in recent decades or centuries, though satellite measurements, combined with balloon data and some in - situ ground measurements indicate generally positive trends in global water vapor.»

Surely these differences would be more significant if some showed cooling, other Global temperature measurements such as Radiosonde, SST's and the proxy atmospheric water vapor also indicate warming, so inconsistancies between the indexs surel are more a technical issue.

Carrying out atmospheric measurements often entails having to consider how representative measurements taken in a single location are, and whether local conditions, such as landforms, affect observations.

As ARM's newest observation facility, the Eastern North Atlantic began operations in September 2013 and mirrors ARM's other long - term atmospheric measurement facilities around the world.