Sentences with phrase «as black carbon aerosols»

Soot particles, also known as black carbon aerosols, affect climate by absorbing sunlight, which warms the surrounding air and limits the amount of solar radiation that reaches the ground.

Not exact matches

One aerosol, black carbon, is of increasing concern for Arctic nations worried about the pace of climate change in the far north, which is warming twice as fast as the global average.

Scientists are also trying to figure out the role that aerosol particles — including a component of soot known as black carbon — play in influencing the behavior of Himalayan glaciers.

Overall, the new measures would lower global anthropogenic emissions of methane by 50 % and of black carbon aerosols, also known as soot, by 80 %.

Larger aerosol particles greater than 100 nanometers, such as soot or black carbon, are known to help seed clouds.

Another study, published last year in Reviews of Geophysics, lists the man - made aerosols as coming from sulfates, nitrate and black carbon emitted by internal combustion engines, coal - fired power plants, slash - and - burn agricultural practices, and smoke from cooking.

By using smaller grids — with spacing of just a few kilometers rather than several tens of kilometers as in conventional current models — they were able to show that they could more realistically model the amount of black carbon aerosols, mitigating the underestimation in more coarse - grained models.

Black carbon aerosols — particles of carbon that rise into the atmosphere when biomass, agricultural waste, and fossil fuels are burned in an incomplete way — are important for understanding climate change, as they absorb sunlight, leading to higher atmospheric temperatures, and can also coat Arctic snow with a darker layer, reducing its reflectivity and leading to increased melting.

In the past, numerous studies have identified black carbon aerosols emitted from combustion of fossil fuels and residential biofuels as the dominant light - absorbing aerosol over South Asia.

Taking factors such as sea surface temperature, greenhouse gases and natural aerosol particles into consideration, the researchers determined that changes in the concentration of black carbon could be the primary driving force behind the observed alterations to the hydrological cycle in the region.

Preliminary analyses show that most of the pollution was sulphate aerosols — along with dust and carbonaceous particles such as black carbon.

-- As used in this section, the term «black carbon» means primary light absorbing aerosols, as defined by the Administrator, based on the best available sciencAs used in this section, the term «black carbon» means primary light absorbing aerosols, as defined by the Administrator, based on the best available sciencas defined by the Administrator, based on the best available science.

The team evaluated simulated cloud fields from the multi-scale aerosol - climate model and examined how specific human - caused aerosols, such as sulfate, black carbon (soot), and organic carbon affect those clouds and, in turn, the climate.

Attribution of early 20th century warming requires a more quantitative consideration of all the contributions (e.g. atmospheric aerosols, black carbon etc. as well as anthropogenic greenhouse contributions, recovery from volcanic aerosols and solar etc.).

Firstly the forcings over this period are not as well known as in more recent times (solar, aerosols, especially black carbon).

Global dimming is old as is cooling, aerosol transfer and black carbon reflective effects.

The bottom line is that uncertainties in the physics of aerosol effects (warming from black carbon, cooling from sulphates and nitrates, indirect effects on clouds, indirect effects on snow and ice albedo) and in the historical distributions, are really large (as acknowledged above).

There, you have to factor in not only the aerosol cooling but the methane (and possibly black carbon) warming, as well as a few other anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

As I said to Andy Revkin (and he published on his blog), the additional decade of temperature data from 2000 onwards (even the AR4 estimates typically ignored the post-2000 years) can only work to reduce estimates of sensitivity, and that's before we even consider the reduction in estimates of negative aerosol forcing, and additional forcing from black carbon (the latter being very new, is not included in any calculations AIUI).

[T] here have now been several recent papers showing much the same — numerous factors including: the increase in positive forcing (CO2 and the recent work on black carbon), decrease in estimated negative forcing (aerosols), combined with the stubborn refusal of the planet to warm as had been predicted over the last decade, all makes a high climate sensitivity increasingly untenable.

The Nature commentary by Penner et al. on which this argument is based actually says that on top of the global warming caused by carbon dioxide, other short - lived pollutants (such as methane and black carbon) cause an additional warming approximately 65 % as much as CO2, and other short - lived pollutants (such as aerosols) also cause some cooling.

The Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) measures the soot (black carbon) mass of individual aerosol particles by laser - induced incandescence down to concentrations as low as ng / m ^ 3.

The trouble is that there remains little empirical evidence to support the idea, as we were surprised to find out when we talked to UC San Diego atmospheric physicist Veerabhadran Ramanathan about his research showing that another type of aerosol — black carbon — had a significant warming effect:

Importantly, RCP4.5 considers the influence of sulfur aerosols, as well as black and organic carbon.

Choices regarding emissions of other warming agents, such as methane, black carbon on ice / snow, and aerosols, can affect global warming over coming decades but have little effect on longer - term warming of the Earth over centuries and millennia.

The brownish color of the cloud (which is visible when looking at the horizon) is due to absorption of solar radiation at short wavelengths (green, blue, and UV) by organic and black carbon aerosols as well as by NOx.

-- As used in this section, the term «black carbon» means primary light absorbing aerosols, as defined by the Administrator, based on the best available sciencAs used in this section, the term «black carbon» means primary light absorbing aerosols, as defined by the Administrator, based on the best available sciencas defined by the Administrator, based on the best available science.

«Observational analyses have shown the width of the tropical belt increasing in recent decades as the world has warmed... we use a climate model with detailed aerosol physics to show that increases in heterogeneous warming agents — including black carbon aerosols and tropospheric ozone — are noticeably better than greenhouse gases at driving expansion, and can account for the observed summertime maximum in tropical expansion.

Image at right: Natural and anthropogenic biomass burning, such as forest fires and the burning of fields in the tropics, produce black carbon aerosols, i.e., soot.

Most of the relevant aerosols are anthropogenic in origin, although natural events such as forest fires can also contribute, particularly to the black carbon fraction — a role that was not mentioned in the article unless I overlooked it.

Black carbon and other aerosols, also emitted during combustion of diesel and marine oil fuels, are relatively short ‐ lived radiative forcers compared with carbon dioxide and their reduction is emerging as a key strategy for mitigation.

Furthermore, it is suggested that aerosols with high absorptivity such as black carbon absorb solar radiation in the lower atmosphere, cool the surface, stabilise the atmosphere and reduce precipitation (Ramanathan et al., 2001).

In August 2010, Nature published a commentary by Penner et al. which mainly focused on the uncertainty regarding the effect short - lived pollutants (such as aerosols and black carbon) have on the climate.

Some aerosols, such as black carbon, absorb sunlight and produce a warming effect that might also inhibit rainfall.

As noted previously, assumptions about non-CO2 emissions are extremely important, and yet the role and dynamics of non-CO2 gases and other forcings (e.g., black carbon and sulfate aerosols) are complex and often confusing.

For instance, Bond et al. report that black carbon aerosol, or soot, is second only to carbon dioxide as the substance emitted by human activity that has the greatest warming influence on the climate — contributing a quarter (or perhaps even a bit more) to the current overall anthropogenic warming effect.

In this context, they settled on sulfur dioxide aerosols and black carbon as cooling agents (which they are, at least to some extent).

Given that, if one wants freedom of choice and an efficient market, shouldn't one accept a market solution (tax / credit or analogous system based on public costs, applied strategically to minimize paperwork (don't tax residential utility bills — apply upstream instead), applied approximately fairly to both be fair and encourage an efficient market response (don't ignore any significant category, put all sources of the same emission on equal footing; if cap / trade, allow some exchange between CO2 and CH4, etc, based CO2 (eq); include ocean acidification, etc.), allowing some approximation to that standard so as to not get very high costs in dealing with small details and also to address the biggest, most - well understood effects and sources first (put off dealing with the costs and benifits of sulphate aerosols, etc, until later if necessary — but get at high - latitude black carbon right away)?

They produce aerosols yes, but a lot of them are black carbon (a warming influence), and they also produce NOx, CO and CH4 (ozone precursors) as well as CO2 of course.

Anthropogenic emissions include many types of GHG's as well as particulates such as black carbon and sulfate aerosols, each of which has a different effect on the atmosphere, and a different atmospheric lifetime.

The lack of a «smoking gun» in the tropical troposphere does nothing to negate the overwhelming evidence that third generation GCMs are largely correct, even as they're being updated and upgraded to better account for clouds, aerosols, black carbon, and so on.

As stated earlier, I agree with the point that tropospheric aerosols from fossil fuels are incredibly bad for human health and other environmental impacts (black carbon soot, acid rain, radioactive emissions, mercury poisoning), putting us in a situation of damned if we do, damned if we don't.

First, we have to consider the effect of aerosols, which start off as urban haze or rural smoke and ultimately become transcontinental and transoceanic plumes o ABCs consisting of sulfate, nitrate, hundreds of organics, black carbon, soil dust, fly ash, and other aerosols.

The authors single out aerosols, and black carbon, as the likely explanation.

Below are links to a revised presentation that was developed as background information for a «Black carbon aerosols in the Himalaya» press conference held at the 2009 AGU meeting in San Francisco.

For instance, a colleague from the University of Illinois — Tami Bond — has some of the best information on some types of aerosols, such as black carbon.

The aerosol hypothesis is that sulfate aerosols and black carbon are the main cause of global dimming, as they tend to act to cool the Earth by reflecting and scattering sunlight before it reaches the ground.

Theoretically, coatings of essentially non-absorbing components such as organic carbon or sulphate on strongly absorbing core components such as black carbon can increase the absorption of the composite aerosol (e.g., Fuller et al., 1999; Jacobson, 2001a; Stier et al., 2006a), with results backed up by laboratory studies (e.g., Schnaiter et al., 2003).

Imagine a model that shows the non-GHG line as a wide band, reflecting our uncertainty in what those unmeasured aerosol and black carbon forcings really are.

However, sulphate is invariably internally and externally mixed to varying degrees with other compounds such as biomass burning aerosol (e.g., Formenti et al., 2003), fossil fuel black carbon (e.g., Russell and Heintzenberg, 2000), organic carbon (Novakov et al., 1997; Brock et al., 2004), mineral dust (e.g., Huebert et al., 2003) and nitrate aerosol (e.g., Schaap et al., 2004).