Phenotypic traits that are common across many breeds, such
as brachycephaly, are likely to be identical by descent, just as many other specific genetic traits have been shown to be shared between different dog breeds [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22].
A complete list of affected and control dogs are given in supplemental Table S1 for the positive control loci as well
as brachycephaly.
Morphological traits such
as brachycephaly are characteristic of certain breeds and had a functional purpose at the time that those breeds were created.
This is the cause of serious diseases such
as brachycephaly in bulldogs and hyperuricemia in dalmatians.
Not exact matches
As you might expect, babies with
brachycephaly and plagiocephaly share characteristics of both head shapes.
Referrals to craniofacial centers for evaluation of deformational plagiocephaly and
brachycephaly are increasing.8 This increase in deformations has been temporally linked to the Back to Sleep program advanced by the American Academy of Pediatrics in 1992 that advises the avoidance of the prone sleeping position
as a method of reducing the rates of sudden infant death syndrome.10,, 12,13 There is a delay in early gross motor milestones in children forced to sleep supine but these delays seem transient and have not been linked
as yet to any longer term problems.14 Children who are encouraged to sleep on their backs and develop abnormal head shapes
as a result are a different population than children who spontaneously restricted their movement in bed for one reason or another.
Depending on the cause and location of the flat areas on the skull, the most common of these conditions are known
as plagiocephaly or
brachycephaly.
An in - depth look at treatment for positional plagiocephaly, brachycepahly, and scaphocephaly When is treatment most effective The effectiveness of treatment methods for flat head syndromes such
as plagiocephaly,
brachycephaly and scaphocephaly vary based on the age of the baby and the severity of the deformity.
Plagiocephaly,
brachycephaly and scaphocephaly can all be accompanied by other characteristics, such
as asymmetrical facial features, misaligned ears, and a sloped or bulging forehead.
BabyMoon Pillow Review — for Flat Head Syndrome and Neck Support I used this pillow for my son who was diagnosed with plagiocephaly and
brachycephaly,
as part of his repositioning therapy.
As a quarter of the UK's most popular breeds are now affected by
brachycephaly, we look at the rise of the French Bulldog and other flat - faced dog breeds French Bulldogs are currently experiencing a meteoric rise in popularity.
However, the syndrome is not caused by
brachycephaly per se,
as brachycephalic breeds such
as the boxer do not suffer the syndrome to the same degree.
An earlier broadcast on the BBC spawned three independent reports identifying the English bulldog
as a breed in need of genetic intervention, presumably to breed away from the extremes of
brachycephaly and chondrodysplasia and increase genetic diversity.
For
brachycephaly, three breeds were considered
as cases (Pugs, Boxer and Pekingese) and 13 breeds (Afghan Hound, Akita, Basenji, Basset, Dachshund, Eurasier, German,Short - Haired, Pointer, Greyhound, Leonberger, Pembroke Welsh Corgi, Poodle, Saluki, and TibetanTerrier) were considered
as controls.