Sentences with phrase «as cohort effects»

The authors propose this as well as cohort effects found that children raised in an earlier time did not have the bedsharing rates later groups did and had much greater reported problems associated with bedtime resistance and sleep - onset problems.]

Not exact matches

First - order impact of more restrictive dollar - inflow into the U.S. will be seen in home sales and home prices data, although second - order effect would weigh on multifamily REITS as a sizable cohort of «involuntary renters» re-enter into the housing market as potential buyers (albeit without the balance sheet strength of Chinese buyers).

We confirmed this gene — environment interaction in two birth cohorts, and we ruled out alternative explanations of the finding involving gene — exposure correlation, intrauterine growth, social class, and maternal cognitive ability, as well as maternal genotype effects on breastfeeding and breast milk.

Studies also suggest a potential role for selected probiotics in atopic dermatitis prevention, and future studies will need to standardize the probiotic strain as well as amount used in a larger cohort of pregnant women in order to better assess these effects.

Although progress is slow, the overall number of female chairs across the committee system has gradually increased due to a cohort effect, as the percentage of women in Parliament has increased.

Probably at least half of non-voters are people who will never vote (and according to research quoted by the Electoral Commission, it will probably rise as there is a cohort effect.

In addition to assessing clinical outcomes in a retrospective cohort of 30,000 children, the researchers studied a prospective cohort of 2,472 children, doing telephone interviews with caregivers to measure outcomes that parents had identified as their highest concerns: adverse drug effects, additional childcare costs, lingering symptoms and missed school days.

Other indicators of adiposity, such as body fat, also have been examined for mortality associations.26, 27 However, the independent association between body fat and mortality in the older population has not been adequately demonstrated.14, 27 Researchers speculate that the controversial association between adiposity and mortality in older individuals may be attributable to selective survival, cohort effects, or unadjusted confounding.41 We found that BMI or waist circumference, but not percent body fat, predicted overall mortality in adults at least 60 years old.

Indeed, because the tests have such strong systematics, the use of GRE and PGRE scores as a measure of potential success has well - documented and powerful effects on the demographics of the resulting graduate cohorts.

But as the company gears up to test for signs of efficacy, Basil Darras, Vivienne's doctor at Boston Children's Hospital, expects to see the most pronounced effects in the youngest cohorts.

In this study, we investigated whether mild analgesics have effects that manifest as male reproductive disorders using a human prospective birth cohort and experimental animal models (Fig. 1).

Moreover, some of our analyses, particularly some of the count - based histopathological analyses in the older cohorts, are limited, as sample sizes were too low to draw definitive conclusions about possible effects of rapamycin or the absence thereof.

A potential explanation for the secular trend may be that while improved treatment for cardiovascular risk factors or complicating diseases has reduced mortality in all weight classes, the effects may have been greater at higher BMI levels than at lower BMI levels.12 Because obesity is a causal risk factor for hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and dyslipidemia,15,19 - 22 obese individuals may have had a higher selective decrease in mortality.18 Indirect evidence of this effect is seen in the findings as the deaths occur at similar time periods in the 3 cohorts, but cohorts recruited at later periods have an increase in the BMI associated with the lowest mortality, possibly suggesting a period effect related to changes in clinical practice, such as improved treatments, or general public health status, such as decreased smoking or increased physical activity.

In the same Finnish cohort that found doses of vitamin D in excess of 2,000 IU per day during infancy to powerfully protect against type 1 diabetes (see sidebar «Vitamin D and Type 1 Diabetes below), regular supplementation with vitamin D was associated with a 33 percent increased risk of atopy and allergic rhinitis compared to irregular or no supplementation; among those who supplemented regularly, the data suggested that supplementation with 2000 IU or more per day may increase the risk of asthma by as much as four times compared to regular supplementation with lower doses, although the study lacked the statistical power to determine whether or not this apparent effect was due to chance.34

Again, as in the Nurses» cohort, cereal fiber but not fruit or vegetable fiber intake was associated with the protective effect.

As the cohorts have aged, it is now possible to measure the effects of small schools on college enrollment and choice, outcomes that have never been examined before.

As a first test for nonrandom selection of students into or out of particular schools and cohorts of students, we examined whether peer family violence appears to have an effect on cohort size or student characteristics such as race, gender, and incomAs a first test for nonrandom selection of students into or out of particular schools and cohorts of students, we examined whether peer family violence appears to have an effect on cohort size or student characteristics such as race, gender, and incomas race, gender, and income.

Perhaps the greatest achievements of the PDA programme have been in terms of its output and its knock - on effect on use of technology within the Organisation.The pilot cohort of 12 learners in the current programme consists of lecturers, managers, and external engineers undertaking the programme as part of their Continuous Professional Development (CPD).

Not shown in the table, however, are several significant negative effects in relationships with teachers as rated by first - grade and third - grade teachers; in fact, there were no significant positive effects for this cohort as assessed by teachers for any of the elementary years.

Using new population - level data that follows cohorts of children born in the state of Florida between 1994 and 2002, this paper examines the short and long - term effects of prenatal exposure to environmental toxicants on children living within two miles of a Superfund site, toxic waste sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency as being particularly severe.

Effect on Achievement Gaps Data from a nationally representative sample of children, the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study — Birth Cohort 2001, reveal that gaps in what children know and are able to do appear as early as 9 months of age.

Further, it is important to note that it is likely that there are a number of children who were exposed to significant amounts of maternal alcohol use (as evidenced by the presence of cases of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in the comparison cohort), and the associated social and environmental effects, which were not identified in the data set.

Multiple factors reportedly increase the risk of suicide.44 - 49 Substance abuse has repeatedly been associated with suicidal behaviors, and depression has as well.1,50 - 62 Moreover, previous reports from the ACE Study have demonstrated strong, graded relationships between the number of adverse childhood experiences and the risk of alcohol or illicit substance abuse and depressive disorders.23, 24,28 Although a temporal relationship between the onset of substance abuse or depressive disorders and lifetime suicide attempts in the ACE Study cohort is uncertain, our analysis of the potential mediating effects of these known risk factors provides evidence that for some persons, adverse childhood experiences play a role in the development of substance abuse or depression.

Parental mental illness Relatively little has been written about the effect of serious and persistent parental mental illness on child abuse, although many studies show that substantial proportions of mentally ill mothers are living away from their children.14 Much of the discussion about the effect of maternal mental illness on child abuse focuses on the poverty and homeless - ness of mothers who are mentally ill, as well as on the behavior problems of their children — all issues that are correlated with involvement with child welfare services.15 Jennifer Culhane and her colleagues followed a five - year birth cohort among women who had ever been homeless and found an elevated rate of involvement with child welfare services and a nearly seven - times - higher rate of having children placed into foster care.16 More direct evidence on the relationship between maternal mental illness and child abuse in the general population, however, is strikingly scarce, especially given the 23 percent rate of self - reported major depression in the previous twelve months among mothers involved with child welfare services, as shown in NSCAW.17

And given that recent cohorts of children born to single and cohabiting parents are relatively young, an additional complication involves comparing outcomes across studies (that is, analysts can not yet estimate effects of family structure on adolescent and adult outcomes for cohorts such as FFCWS).

Our GUS finding for family socio - economic disadvantage (as indicated here by lower parental education) ties in with the negative effect of low family socio - economic status on the quality of both mothers» and fathers» relations with three year - old children in another large birth cohort, the UK Millennium Cohort Study (Malmberg & Flouri, cohort, the UK Millennium Cohort Study (Malmberg & Flouri, Cohort Study (Malmberg & Flouri, 2011).

There thus appears to be a deleterious effect of the heterozygous genotype on CU traits: however, as true heterozygous effects are rare and the numbers of minor homozygotes in the high CU group are small, replication is required in larger cohorts to determine whether this is a true effect.

Moreover, the increasing effects across cohorts from friends to parents regarding negative interaction confirm the idea that friends become more important in the lives of adolescents as they grow older (Brown 2004; Larson et al. 1996; Laursen and Bukowski 1997).

Therefore, the change estimates are independent of selection effects attributed to all stable inter-individual differences such as cohort, intelligence, personality, or genetic vulnerability to illness.