Sentences with phrase «as crustal»

Given that the seismic signature of this material is essentially the same as crustal igneous rocks, there is no way of telling - other than to drill and sample everything between the seabed and the top few hundred metres of unadulterated mantle.

Not exact matches

The relatively high water content of NWA 7034, which could be as much as 0.6 % by weight, suggests that «crustal or surface processes involving water may have lasted» well beyond the 4 - billion - year mark, Agee adds.

They treated the images as though they were parts of a giant geological jigsaw puzzle, with ridges and bands and other features that have been split and separated by crustal movements, and tried to trace how the surface of Europa had transformed over time.

If he could show that the roads in Glen Roy had been formed by the same process as those in Coquimbo on the other side of the world, then he could propose a theory of global «crustal uplift» as the prime mover in the creation of the continents, which would be an impressive, career - making thing to do.

More broadly, the Pisagua event has seismologists rethinking some basic ideas about the risk of earthquakes in similar geological settings elsewhere — places with deep - diving crustal plates, such as Japan and Indonesia.

Geologists like Avouac and his colleagues, who are interested in tectonics — the study of the earth's surface and the way it changes — can use tools such as GPS and seismology to study crustal deformation that is taking place today.

The ubiquity of the buoyant crustal rock points to a formation process that worked the same way across the moon, such as a magma ocean.

Using all available geologic, tectonic and geothermal heat flux data for Greenland — along with geothermal heat flux data from around the globe — the team deployed a machine learning approach that predicts geothermal heat flux values under the ice sheet throughout Greenland based on 22 geologic variables such as bedrock topography, crustal thickness, magnetic anomalies, rock types and proximity to features like trenches, ridges, young rifts, volcanoes and hot spots.

In the Mississippi Delta, where rates of land loss are especially severe, subsidence of the land surface reflects natural processes, such as sediment compaction and crustal loading, but this is exacerbated by anthropogenic withdrawal of fluids (water, oil, natural gas).

«surficial erosion / deposition (as at Titan), crater relaxation (as at Enceladus), crustal recycling or tectonism (as at Europa), or some combination of these processes.»

As the Earth continued to cool from Years 0.1 to 0.3 billion, a torrential rain fell that turned to steam upon hitting the still hot surface, then superheated water, and finally collected into hot or warm seas and oceans above and around cooling crustal rock leaving sediments.

«With this new map, we've been able to see gravity anomalies as small as about 100 kilometers (about 62 miles) across, and we've determined the crustal thickness of Mars with a resolution of around 120 kilometers (almost 75 miles),» Genova said in the NASA statement.

This detailed knowledge, in turn, provides deeper insight into the mechanisms by which planets in general cool down, by which their magnetic fields are generated, and by which the separation of lighter elements from heavier ones as planets develop their internal structure releases additional energy for geologic processes and alters crustal compositions.

«Overall, this new image of Yellowstone's crustal magma reservoir provides a better understanding of the magmatic volume, melt configuration, and fluid state that control its potential for future volcanism and its joint volcano ‐ earthquake hazard, as well as a basis for assessing temporal changes in the reservoir properties that could portend new volcanism,» the researchers wrote in their study.

Even more crustal minerals were formed by plate tectonics with the help of lubricating ocean water, atmospheric oxygen from the successful development of photosynthetic microbes, and land - based lichens (of algae and fungi) and mosses which were followed by deep - rooted plants that hastened the erosion and weathering of surface rocks with the help of biochemical action and the creation of soils as well as new clay minerals.

Continents formed as Earth's crustal plates shifted and collided over long periods of time.

As to melting ice, or crustal movements resulting in marine fossils at 6000 meters, or sunken cities, I assume that basic knowledge of water phases and plate tectonics are sufficient.

As an exercise, calculate the depth of the initial «world - wide» ocean after condensation and before significant crustal «compression» as a result of the crackinAs an exercise, calculate the depth of the initial «world - wide» ocean after condensation and before significant crustal «compression» as a result of the crackinas a result of the cracking.

Collecting data from NASA's satellite Gravity and Recovery Climate Experiment, known as GRACE, and GPS measurements of the bedrock on the edges of the ice sheet, the Denmark Technical Institute's National Space Institute in Copenhagen was able to show that crustal uplift due to ice loss has gone up by 1.5 inches between October 2005 and August 2009 along the northwest coast, a change that study co-author John Wahr calls «very dramatic».

The CO2 comes from the recycled crustal rock as it is thrust down under the other plate toward the basaltic mantle and melted.

These geoid and crustal changes, while typically small compared with the tens of centimetre changes driven by oceanographic processes on shorter time scales, become increasingly important as the time scale of interest increases and the size of the dynamic ocean signal decreases.»

The runaway greenhouse effect has several meanings ranging from, at the low end, global warming sufficient to induce out - of - control amplifying feedbacks, such as ice sheet disintegration and melting of methane hydrates, to, at the high end, a Venus - like hothouse with crustal carbon baked into the atmosphere and a surface temperature of several hundred degrees, a climate state from which there is no escape.