Sentences with phrase «as cumulative emissions»

We also find that, for large cumulative totals in particular, cumulative metrics based on integrations over smaller time periods, such as 2010 — 2050, do not correlate with peak warming as well as cumulative emissions to a given date near the time of peak warming.

Inclusion of short - term forcing agents within a rate - of - change target is a natural extension of this approach, and could provide a framework for including both emissions rates, or «flows», as well as cumulative emissions, or «stocks», into a set of climate targets that are better informed by current climate science than emissions rates in a given year or long - term concentrations.

It's no surprise that Mr. Su harped back to the principle of we heard repeatedly from Mr. Su, historical emissions matter, as the cumulative emissions of the E.U. and U.S. are much larger than China's.

Responsibility, by which we mean contribution to the climate problem, is similarly defined as cumulative emissions (since some agreed starting year) excluding emissions that correspond to consumption below the development threshold.

Not exact matches

Other scientists have criticized the planetary boundaries as too generous (for example, allowing too much human appropriation of freshwater flows) or employing the wrong metric (atmospheric concentrations of CO2 rather than cumulative emissions of greenhouse gases).

Another graphic, circulated on Twitter by German broadcaster Deutsch Welle, shows how different cumulative, historic emissions look from the current scenario: China three years ago surpassed the United States as the global greenhouse gas emissions leader.

Instead, what's important is the cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2)-- since a single molecule of CO2 can linger in the atmosphere for as long as 1,000 years — emitted since the dawn of the industrial era.

Finally, to revisit the question originally posed @ 203: Assuming the IEO2011 Reference case of «1 trillion metric tons of additional cumulative energy - related carbon dioxide emissions between 2009 and 2035», and given that this case equates to following RCP8.5 until 2035 as previously demonstrated @ 408, what increase in average global surface temperature relative to pre-industrial would result by 2035?

Assuming the IEO2011 Reference case of «1 trillion metric tons of additional cumulative energy - related carbon dioxide emissions between 2009 and 2035», and given that this case equates to following RCP8.5 until 2035 as previously demonstrated @ 408, what increase in average global surface temperature relative to pre-industrial would result by 2035?

Mark — What are your thoughts about the analysis by Ramanathan and Feng (PNAS, Sept 17,2008: http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803838105), in which they calculate the committed warming of cumulative emissions since the pre-industrial era as in the region of 2.4 °C (with a confidence interval of 1.4 °C to 4.3 °C), based on calculating the equilibrium temperature if GHG concentrations are held at 2005 levels into the future.

The unforced temperature estimate is used as a proxy for what cumulative emissions should be given the current level of warming.

«As a result, ocean waters deeper than 500 meters (about 1,600 feet) have a large but still unrealized absorption capacity... As emissions slow in the future, the oceans will continue to absorb excess CO2... into ever - deeper layers... eventually, 50 to 80 percent of CO2 cumulative emissions will likely reside in the oceans»

Take cumulative [greenhouse gas] emissions as an example.

With more than 13,000 taxis traveling a cumulative 500 million miles per year, the improvement in fuel efficiency and emissions, as well as the improved safety for the passengers and pedestrians & cyclists should make a pretty big difference to the impact that the fleet has.

Furthermore, let me come back to the pathway as the source of cumulative emissions — energy mix, efficiency, technology finance, population, etc. etc., we believe this is the deeper driver to lead to the landscape of cumulative emissions.

When we design the architecture for the next 10 or 20 years that means today when we discuss that, we encourage developed countries to consider their cumulative emissions as a total and then to take more responsibility.

Drawing on experience building a customer base for various products over many years, Clark sees efforts to curb emissions of greenhouse gases as a solution that — because of the long - term and cumulative nature of warming risks — is offered well ahead of public recognition of the problem (truly disruptive changes to conditions and resources humans depend on).

Clear decrease in average rainfall over Central America as a consequence of 21st century climate change, depending on the height of cumulative greenhouse gas emissions.

Looking at just the 2010 numbers, for example, they show that the United States, with its exceptionally large share of the global population of people with incomes above the $ 20 per day development threshold (capacity), as well as the world's largest share of cumulative emissions since 1990 (responsibility), is the nation with the largest share (33.1 percent) of the global RCI.

This analysis focused on the relationship between cumulative CO2 emissions budgets and the odds of staying below 2 °C of warming, and thus had the important side effect of establishing cumulative budgets (in this case over the 2000 - 2050 period) as the best predictors of success for any given global emissions pathway.

Nonetheless, it adds that emissions reductions achieved through its credits system, known as the Joint Crediting Mechanism, will be «appropriately counted», and will add up to a cumulative 50 - 100m tonnes of CO2 by 2030.

Cumulative energy and industrial CO2 emissions, as well as the time path of emissions, vary across models (Fig. 10c).

By comparison, they also report that Hansen's central case for a 350 ppm CO2 budget (which we used as the basis of our 350 pathway) provides for cumulative emissions of about 750 gigatonnes between 2000 and 2050.

For consistency, we approximate cumulative emissions through 2015 as 560 GtC based on historical values and forecasts under RCP 8.5 (21, 22); for a special case we add 199 GtC to this total to represent the future expectation of emissions already implicit in the current global energy infrastructure (23).

As emissions increase, a number of intervening processes occur which essentially cancel each other out, leading to the approximately linear relationship between warming and cumulative emissions.

Solomon argued a couple of years ago that cumulative carbon emissions are the best way of assessing climate risk, since they avoid problems such as time lags that mess with other measures, such as atmospheric concentrations.

Projections of long - term committed SLR as a function of cumulative carbon emissions, with 66 % CIs, assuming (triggered case) or not assuming (baseline case) that eventual collapse of the WAIS is already inevitable.

It is computed as the coefficient of proportionality between cumulative fossil fuel emissions and temperature.

The issue was taken up in the same contact group as on cumulative fossil fuel emissions.

The aim in limiting greenhouse gas emissions should be to keep Earth's climate as close as possible to what it has been during the Holocene, say the study authors, adding that doing so depends on the cumulative amount of emissions released into the atmosphere throughout the industrial period, not just those emitted today.

China stressed that it has the same concerns here as on the discussion on cumulative fossil fuel emissions and suggested inserting information on all RCPs.

But the value of cumulative emission budgets as strategic communications tools has been recognized by many groups.

Figure 1: The linear relationship between cumulative CO2 emissions and global warming as calculated by IPCC - class climate models.

c) Global warming as function of cumulative CO2 emissions.

This relationship between cumulative emissions and warming is not perfect, as it will change based on what happens to non-CO2 greenhouse gases, such as methane and nitrous oxide, as well as how quickly climate - cooling aerosols are reduced.

This makes the calculation for the budget somewhat different, especially as net - negative emissions can cloud the assumptions behind the relationship between cumulative emissions and warming.

No greater than 72 gigawatts of total cumulative generating capacity (including industrial applications, measured by such equivalent metric as the Administrator may designate) may receive emission allowances under this section.

(2) Although developing countries are historically least responsible for the cumulative greenhouse gas emissions that are causing climate change and continue to have very low per capita greenhouse gas emissions, their overall greenhouse gas emissions are increasing as they seek to grow their economies and reduce energy poverty for their populations.

According to Ward's full commentary, accepted for publication in the same journal as Lomborg's paper, «Projections of global mean surface temperature for the period up to 2100 are based on cumulative annual global emissions of greenhouse gases up to the end of the century.

We have plotted most likely peak temperatures as a function of four different cumulative emission metrics: year 1750 — 2500 (figure 3a), year 1750 to the time at which peak warming occurs (figure 3b), year 1750 — 2100 (figure 3c) and year 1750 — 2200 (figure 3d).

This means that only two emission targets — the peak rate and cumulative carbon emissions — are needed to constrain two key indicators of CO2 - induced climate change (peak warming and peak warming rate), as evidenced by the maximum - likelihood estimation method used above.

We see that, in cases where post-2050 emissions are small, the spread is much tighter, as shown by those pathways with cumulative emissions less than 0.3 TtC between 2010 and 2050.

Consider two emission pathways, both with a cumulative total of 1 TtC, but one with a decaying emissions floor, and one with no emissions floor: the pathway without an emissions floor will cause a temperature peak earlier than the pathway with the decaying floor, as the emissions floor causes emissions to be emitted over a longer time period.

When the Total GHG emissions from Annex A sources is selected as the category, the list contains the five years of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, from 2008 to 2012 and, in addition, «Cumulative».

This occurs because the cumulative totals include contributions for portions of the emissions floor that are emitted after the time of peak warming, which can have no effect on peak warming, as illustrated by the green curves in figure 1.

Figure 3 shows the impact of emissions floors on different cumulative emission metrics, and each of the panels has the same form as figure 2a.

Here, we consider how the concept of cumulative emissions interacts with other aspects of global change, such as emissions floors and rates of warming.

As in Allen et al. [20], this actually forces the many potential emission pathways considered here, which have the same cumulative total, to cross around the middle of the twenty - first century.

As fossil - based power generation is replaced with wind and solar power, cumulative carbon emissions from centralized power facilities will be greatly reduced.

The correlation is almost as strong if cumulative emissions out to 2500 are considered (shown in black squares in figure 3a) because the vast majority of the emissions in these zero emissions floor pathways have occurred by the time of peak warming.