While we may designate natural selection of adaptive species
as the efficient cause of biological evolution, its final cause may now be defined as the mutual preservation of all biological species on earth.
The past operates on the present with the force of necessity
as efficient cause.
The reason for this seeming transmutation of evil into good in another - worldly consequent God lies in the fact that Whitehead has not really developed the idea of God
as efficient cause.
Or is anything in nature that seems to act
as an efficient cause only carrying out the causality of God, with no agency of its own?
The account of the creation of Adam and Eve seemed to affirm such a direct and exclusively creative intervention of God that in addition to God
as efficient cause, only inorganic matter could have any place as material cause therein.
For both systems God
as efficient cause must remain actual.
only actual entities can function
as efficient causes.
Both continually operatC
as efficient causes.
As long as it is acknowledged that the influence of those fragments on future feelings» self - creation had to be conveyed through whole feelings, it seems quite appropriate to treat those fragments
as efficient causes.
This is Whitehead's explanation of the capacity of past actual entities to continue to «function»
as efficient causes (that is, as causing the appearance of certain characteristics in the transcendent future).
It is this stubborn factuality that makes it possible for these past entities to be included in the future actual entities and, thereby, for these past actual entities to function
as efficient causes of certain aspects of those future actual entities.
Instead of an active transition, as in the Giffords draft, past occasions, which have perished in terms of their immediacy to be mere objectifications, are here identified
as the efficient causes.
Not exact matches
As well as helping the less fortunate and supporting important causes, a foundation or trust can be a tax - efficient investment and an excellent promotional and sales too
As well
as helping the less fortunate and supporting important causes, a foundation or trust can be a tax - efficient investment and an excellent promotional and sales too
as helping the less fortunate and supporting important
causes, a foundation or trust can be a tax -
efficient investment and an excellent promotional and sales tool.
At one time the Catholic natural law philosophy of Thomas Aquinas and his followers dominated European thinking, but its metaphysical foundations were undermined
as science replaced Aristotelian teleology and Catholic theology with a materialist worldview that considers only
efficient causes.
Although Whitehead rejected the Aristotelian notion of substance
as a passively receptive, primary substance, and the Spinozistic conception of substance
as an eminently real,
efficient and material
cause, he did not altogether reject the notion of substance.
A formal
cause responds to the question why a being is such
as it is; a final
cause explains why or for what purpose something acts or exists; an
efficient cause seeks the why, or reason, for a perceived motion from without.
Just
as every entity requires an explanation of its being in terms of an
efficient cause of being (the second argument), so also it requires an explanation in terms of final
cause or purpose.
In the particularly difficult question of global warming, thus far most economists have argued that it will be more
efficient to respond to the problems
caused by global warming
as they occur than to make serious efforts to reduce it, since these efforts would slow economic growth.
Christianity, for its part, is not so much a new thing
as a prolonged episode within the greater history of nihilism, notable chiefly for having brought part of this history's logic to its consummation by having invented the metaphysical God, the form of all forms, who grounds all of being in himself
as absolute
efficient cause, and who personifies that
cause as total power and will.
However, since they condition it through their immanence in it, this second sense of
efficient causation presupposes the first — namely, that the past occasions are
efficient causes of the new occasion because,
as data, they are included in, and hence are constituents of, it.
Particular elements within the organism,
as well
as external
efficient causes, also affect that activity.
(There are few more reliable ways to make a person's eyes glaze over than to say, «I just discovered that Aquinas's understanding of «Christus resurgens»
as the
efficient habitual
cause of our resurrection was drawn from Albert the Great.»)
Physics has had enormous success in explaining why things happen
as they do in the natural world, but its modes of explanation do not fit neatly into the four-fold classification of material, formal,
efficient, and final
causes.
«15 We suggest that this ambiguity is
caused by the failure to develop the notion of God
as creative power, and to relate more coherently this notion with the concepts of objective immortality and
efficient causation.
As is well known, Aristotle agrees that some natural processes have final as well as material and efficient causes, but the events in a person's life are not goal - directed merely because they achieve some result that might have been their goal: rain may spoil the crops on the threshing floor, but that was not necessarily the goal of the rai
As is well known, Aristotle agrees that some natural processes have final
as well as material and efficient causes, but the events in a person's life are not goal - directed merely because they achieve some result that might have been their goal: rain may spoil the crops on the threshing floor, but that was not necessarily the goal of the rai
as well
as material and efficient causes, but the events in a person's life are not goal - directed merely because they achieve some result that might have been their goal: rain may spoil the crops on the threshing floor, but that was not necessarily the goal of the rai
as material and
efficient causes, but the events in a person's life are not goal - directed merely because they achieve some result that might have been their goal: rain may spoil the crops on the threshing floor, but that was not necessarily the goal of the rain.
It does not belong to the «essence» of the finite
efficient cause and is not an intrinsic constitutive factor of its «nature», but, while transcending this nature, belongs to it precisely
as its ground in relation to it
as agent and
cause.
Given the character of scientific explanation in terms of
efficient causes, it is quite understandable that such evolutionary advance should be explained in terms of natural selection and chance variation
as the best possible scientific theory.
In that tradition, instead of thinking of God
as a persuasive power who acts
as a kind of lure toward which things move, which was Aristotle's conception, Aquinas and others adopted the understanding that God creates by being the ultimate
efficient cause for the world.
Classically, God's power is seen in terms of omnipotence, and God is creator
as the sole primary
efficient cause of the world.
If all (
efficient)
causes are past,
as past they are also objective.
Neither excluding a priori with positivists anything more than the material and
efficient causes, nor making philosophy,
as the «science of common experience,» superior to science,
as Schönborn would have it, is a valid description of the world.
God
as an actual entity does have such efficacy for other entities, but creativity is not an actual entity and hence, can not function
as an
efficient (or final)
cause of anything.
Efficient causes — the sculptor who transforms a block of marble into a statue of Athena — exist
as separate from God but since they are contingent, they too require God
as their ultimate
cause.
Fourth, occasional intervention with coercive
efficient causation to counteract excess evil is not
as equitable to all occasions in the world
as the constant intervention in every occasion with final
cause tending to overcome evil.
In other words, the past actual entities, precisely»
as included in the new actual entity; are the
efficient causes of the initial set of characteristics of the new entity.
Insofar
as the given entities thus function
as efficacious
causes, prehension is identical with the process of
efficient causality described by [249] Aristotle — in Scholastic terms, with moveri ab alio.
The remainder of this section will defend the interpretation that: 1) strictly speaking, the categories are neither
causes nor effects in terms of either
efficient or final causality
as those modes of causality are manifested by the concrete; 2) nevertheless, there is a sense in which the categories always require a current divine final
cause; 3) furthermore, there is a sense in which the categories always require all previous divine (and subdivine)
efficient causes (and hence all previous final
causes); 4) finally, there is a sense in which the categories always constitute what may be termed «quasi-
efficient causes» and «quasi-
efficient effects.»
As noted above, it is feelings which are, strictly speaking, the units of causality or final -
causes - turned -
efficient -
causes.
It should be noted that while medieval scholars relied heavily on final
causes in their descriptions of the natural world, modern developments in the natural sciences since the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries have placed almost exclusive emphasis on
efficient cause as the basic determinant of physical and biological events.
We have identified such a logical system
as an ever - widening series of reciprocal final causations that have corresponding material, formal, and
efficient causes.
For an event ontology, Emmet advocates that we reconceive
efficient causation in immanent terms, seeing both
cause and effect
as within the same event.
But -LSB-...] to grasp reality
as it is, we must return to our pre-scientific and post-scientific knowledge, the tacit knowledge that pervades science -LSB-...] Prior to both science and theology is philosophy, the «science of common experience» -LSB-...] Modern science first excludes a priori final and formal
causes, then investigates nature under the reductive mode ofmechanism (
efficient and material
causes)-LSB-... It is] reason -LSB-... which grasps] the «vertical» causation of formality and finality».
The book does not mention that supplementing with formula can
cause a mother's milk supply to diminish and that pumping isn't
as efficient for milk - removal
as putting the baby to breast.
The researchers found that while the amount of ozone depletion arising from VSLS in the atmosphere today is small compared to that
caused by longer - lived gases, such
as CFCs, VSLS - driven ozone depletion was found to be almost four times more
efficient at influencing climate.
Concerns about global warming and oil's imminent demise have
caused scientists and policy - makers to look for solutions in both the future and the past: to new technologies such
as nuclear fusion, multijunction photovoltaics, and fuel cells — and to traditional energy sources such
as water power, wind power, and (sustainable) biomass cultivation (coupled with clean and energy -
efficient combustion).
Herpes virus proteins are more «spaghetti - like» than previously thought, which provides a vital clue in the search for an
efficient treatment against a type of herpes which
causes a form of cancer known
as Kaposi's sarcoma.
«If badgers are
causing TB in cattle, we would see a similar pattern of infection in both species, however our analysis reveals that this isn't the case and could have implications for a strategy to vaccinate badgers,
as an
efficient control strategy if policymakers were to pursue this option,» said lead author Dr Aristides Moustakas from QMUL's School of Biological and Chemical Sciences.
Although you will likely experience a decrease in T3 values (it happens naturally
as your body switches to a more
efficient source of energy), it won't be anything significant to
cause thyroid dysfunction.
As you work out, your muscles create microtears which are repaired during your rest days,
causing the muscle to grow back stronger and more
efficient.
It might sound weird but sometimes wrong cam timing can
cause overheating of a motor because the combustion is not
as efficient as it should.