It's now well - established that large - scale U.S. production of biofuels such
as ethanol from corn has accomplished little or nothing (or even negative) in its stated goals of reducing oil dependence and cutting emissions of greenhouse gases, and has functioned instead as a full - employment program for agribusiness (and a political production racket for Iowa and other corn - growing states).
«It takes 77 million years to make fossil fuels and 45 minutes to use as a coffee cup,» says Cereplast's Scheer, noting that his industry can use the residue of government - mandated production of biofuels, such
as ethanol from corn.
Examples of indirect use which require energy harvesting are electricity generation through wind turbines or photovoltaic cells, or production of fuels such
as ethanol from biomass.
Biofuels from waste avoid the carbon and energy debts incurred by more common examples such
as ethanol from corn or diesel from soy.
Not exact matches
Because labeling laws on homeopathy are so different
from regulations on real medicine with proven ingredients, the only actual drug in a bottle of homeopathic medicine —
ethanol, the same active ingredient in vodka — doesn't have to be listed
as a drug.
«The study says it will be very hard to make a biofuel that has a better greenhouse gas impact than gasoline using corn residue,» which puts it in the same boat
as corn - based
ethanol, said David Tilman, a professor at the University of Minnesota who has done research on biofuels» emissions
from the farm to the tailpipe.
Mr. Icahn stepped down
as an unpaid adviser to President Trump in August, after scrutiny
from members of Congress about whether he was influencing regulations on
ethanol to benefit his financial investments.
While DeconGel's precise chemical makeup is a secret, documents
from the company show that it includes sodium hydroxide, a strong, caustic base, and
ethanol, which acts
as a solvent.
In the first published account of sugar and alcohol in a comet, astronomers have detected
ethanol, the sugar glycolaldehyde, and other organic molecules spewing
from a comet known
as comet Lovejoy, New Scientist reports.
Renewable energy, such
as from photovoltaic electricity and
ethanol, today supplies less than 7 percent of U.S. consumption.
19 Sure enough, astronomers found vast quantities of
ethanol —
as much
as that in 400 trillion trillion beers — in G34.3, an interstellar cloud some 10,000 light - years
from Earth.
Ethanol, an alcohol that can be made
from corn, is now widely used
as a gasoline additive due to its oxygen content and octane rating, or antiknock index.
Biofuel researchers are working to change that, envisioning a future where cellulosic
ethanol, an alcohol derived
from plant sugars, is
as common and affordable at the gas station
as gasoline.
Commercial - scale efforts have existed for over a hundred years that convert corn, sugar cane and other plant - based substances into a wide array of products, ranging
from fuel such
as corn - based
ethanol to ingredients in many consumer goods, such
as soap and detergents.
The team achieved better hydrogen yields using methanol and
ethanol as starting materials but because glucose can be derived
from plant waste such
as wood pulp, straw and leftovers
from corn production, the scientists will continue to work on their approach.
Data collection was performed
from January to May 2011, and the analyses took place before, during and after a sharp fluctuation in
ethanol prices — owing to macroeconomic factors such
as the international price of sugar (Brazilian
ethanol is made
from sugarcane)-- leading consumers to switch motor fuels in São Paulo City.
Standard laboratory DNA isolation methods, such
as sonication, ribonuclease (RNase) treatment, and
ethanol precipitation may reduce the available pool of DNA enough to prevent recovering usable sequences
from the oldest samples.
Part of the $ 150 billion, 10 - year expenditure — the centerpiece of his energy plan — is to develop these resources
as well
as shift
ethanol production
from corn to cellulose - based sources that do not affect the food supply.
This water is obtained
from underground aquifers, and
as ethanol production reaches a fever pitch in Iowa, the state's water supply is threatened.
While both can be obtained
from petroleum or natural gas,
ethanol may be the most interesting because many believe it to be a renewable resource, easily obtained
from sugar or starch in crops and other agricultural produce such
as grain, sugarcane or even lactose.
The microbe takes sugar
from the seaweed and thus far can produce
ethanol as a byproduct.
Obama has, however, also been a supporter of
ethanol made primarily
from corn — a prominent industry in his home state of Illinois — and recently told farmers he supports federal mandates to make nine billion gallons (34 billion liters) of
ethanol to use
as fuel this year.
Solubilities range widely,
from infinitely soluble such
as ethanol in water, to poorly soluble, such
as silver chloride in water.
Jay Keasling, a chemical engineer at the University of California, Berkeley, is one of several investigators trying to make
ethanol and related fuels
from plants such
as switchgrass, which grows quickly and resists many pests and diseases.
Biologists know that compared with flies
from tropical Africa, flies
from temperate regions such
as Europe survive longer when exposed to
ethanol vapors of high concentrations, and they know it has something to do with enzymes on the flies» second chromosomes, which break down alcohol and are more active in European flies.
«
Ethanol made from miscanthus would need a much smaller carbon price to make it desirable to produce and for consumers to purchase as compared to ethanol from switchgrass and corn
Ethanol made
from miscanthus would need a much smaller carbon price to make it desirable to produce and for consumers to purchase
as compared to
ethanol from switchgrass and corn
ethanol from switchgrass and corn stover.
Armed with data
from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), he looked at a range of chemicals such
as chlorine, chloroform, ammonia and sulphuric acid,
as well
as ethanol, acetone and methyl ethyl ketone.
They used a star - shaped molecule called AEEP (aminoethoxy
ethanol substituted phosphazene), the arms of which act
as dynamic and mobile hydrogen bonding plasticiser molecules while being connected to a central core, effectively preventing migration and leeching of the starch molecules
from the resulting plastic.
«
As the waste material is introduced you can produce your gas
from the gasifier within an hour and you'll start getting
ethanol at six hours.
But yields
from a grass that only needs to be planted once would deliver an average of 13.1 megajoules of energy
as ethanol for every megajoule of petroleum consumed — in the form of nitrogen fertilizers or diesel for tractors — growing them.
Future technologies that need R&D: high - efficiency photovoltaics (say, 50 % conversion)(
as well
as lowering the cost of PV), energy storage systems for intermittent sources like solar and wind (hydrogen storage, other methods), advances in biofuel technology (for example, hydrogen production
from algae, cellulosic
ethanol, etc..)
This membrane acts
as a kind of mould which, when wetted briefly in water and then hand - shaken (yes, hand - shaken)
from side to side in
ethanol, sets and releases multiple self - rolled graphene oxide tubes — the basic building block of our micromotors.
As someone that has spent a fair amount of time looking at the GHG impacts of
ethanol from a LCA perspective, I think everyone is in agreement that corn is the least beneficial, while sugarcane and cellulosic are the most promisisng.
Ethanol fuel is produced
from sugar cane in Brazil and
from the cellulose of a wide variety of plants, including cornstalks, poplar trees, and switch grass,
as well
as waste left over
from the forest products industry, wheat, oat, and barley straw.
NaHCO3 solution (500 mL), extracted with CH2Cl2 (2 × 500 mL), dried (Na2SO4) and evaporated, resulting solid was recrystalized
from ethanol to give J147 (49.11 g, 81 %)
as a white solid: mp 70 to 72 °C; LCMS purity 98 %; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 500 MHz) δ ppm 2.10 (s, 3H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 6.98 (dd, J = 8.5, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (m, 3H).
As for
ethanol blends, it all comes down to where the
ethanol comes
from.
As compared to the 1 calorie
from glucose that was converted to VLDL (see previous section), the same caloric intake
from ethanol produces 30 calories of VLDL that are transported to your fat cells and contribute to your obesity, or participate in plaque formation.
Meats
from feedlots can be given such things
as corn, corn by - products (some is derived
from high fructose corn syrup production and
ethanol), barley, milo, wheat, and other grains and roughage that often consists of corn stalks, alfalfa, cottonseed meal, and premixes of chemical preservatives, antibiotics, and fermentation products.
According to Byrdie, you should away
from toners with synthetic fragrances, alcohol (also listed
as ethanol or ethyl alcohol, denatured alcohol, methanol, isopropyl alcohol, SD alcohol, and benzyl alcohol) and any cleansing properties (like a cleansing water - in - one or a micellar water)
as those can be irritating if applied too many times.
This is suitable for all skin types
as this cream pack is free
from parabens,
ethanol, animal oil, benzophenone, mineral oil and artificial coloring.
Ethanol is derived primarily
from corn but can be made
from virtually any starch feed stock such
as sugarcane, wheat or barley.
As you may know,
ethanol attracts and bonds with water
from the air, and that water can separate out inside the tank due to phase separation.
Flex Fuel (also known
as E85) is a gasoline -
ethanol blend containing anywhere
from 51 to 83 %
ethanol, and can only be used in Flexible Fuel Vehicles (FFVs).
Ranging
from the slow motion erotics of collision to high speed
ethanol ambitions, masculine relics of bodies past to feminized hybrids of bikinied futures, AutoBody figures the car
as an extension of the body, laying bare the contemporary relationship between sculpture and performance.
Based on the just released Low Carbon Fuel Standard prepared by the University of California for the Governor, «regular» gasoline
as a value of 85 — 92 g CO2 eq / MJ, while natural gas has a value of ~ 80 g CO2 eq / MJ, electricity in California has an average value of 27 g CO2 eq / MJ (when used to drive an electric vehicle), and cellulosic
ethanol derived
from municipal solid waste is ~ 5 g CO2 eq / MJ.
And while I'm not personally a fan of
ethanol, the plant described at the following link seems to address many of the concerns about
ethanol and big - scale farming by treating wastes
from one process
as feedstock into another and reducing the amount of energy required at each stage.
Biomass waste has a new use beyond cellulosic
ethanol or electricity, thanks to Hidetaka Kawakita, a Japanese university professor who figured out a way to get trash such
as paper and rotten fruit to reclaim precious metals
from e-waste.
And there are virtually no CO2 emissions
from the savings, but increasingly more
from the extra exploration and drilling for hard to get oil,
as well
as for cooking corn with oil, gas, and coal to get corn
ethanol.
This will require some technological breakthroughs since the production of
ethanol from such sources
as switch grass require the use of cellulosic enzymes whose economical production has not been perfected yet.
Hypocritically, when they are challenged with a critical point on
ethanol, they attempt to cast doubt by questioning the source of funding
from the challenger (
as shown here).