Then a mixture, commonly known
as fracking fluid, of water (90 percent), sand (9.5 percent) and chemicals (0.5 percent) is pumped into the well under high pressure to create micro-fractures in the shale and free the natural gas or oil.
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) has a number of advantages over the chemical - laced water typically used
as a fracking fluid.
Not exact matches
As the toxic
fracking fluids migrate into the local water table, it will add some extra pizazz -LRB-!)
As the gas comes up the well so does the
fracking fluid, along with volumes of brine so salty it is hazardous.
That surge has coincided in time and place with the boom in unconventional oil and gas extraction such
as hydraulic fracturing, or «
fracking,» in which high - pressure
fluid is injected into the ground to break up the underlying rock and release trapped gas or oil.
The upshot is a growing — albeit incomplete — list of preferred chemicals that companies such
as Apache can choose from
as they design their
fracking fluids.
It can then be sucked back out
as the natural gas is extracted from the reservoir, meaning that there is a virtually complete recovery of the
fracking fluid; water - based methods have roughly a 50 percent recovery rate.
A range of hydrocarbons showed up in the deep wells,
as did some synthetic organic chemicals associated with
fracking fluids and drilling activities.
Fracking has already drawn considerable scrutiny from environmental groups, unhappy homeowners, and teams of lawyers who blame the drilling method for polluting pristine rivers, turning bucolic farmlands into noisy industrial zones, and leaking enough methane to make ordinary tap water
as flammable
as lighter
fluid.
Afterwards, companies need to pump out the
fracking fluids, releasing bubbles of dissolved gas
as well
as burps of early gas production.
The report explains that along with natural gas, production wells in the Azle area of the NEGF can also bring to the surface significant volumes of water from the highly permeable Ellenburger Formation — both naturally occurring brine
as well
as fluids that were introduced during the
fracking process.
Varun Gupta, a scientist with Pacific Northwest National Laboratory's Computational Engineering group, was recently quoted in an article describing an environmentally benign
fracking fluid developed for capturing geothermal energy, known
as StimuFrac ™.
The 600 - plus - page report that resulted looks at a variety of ways
fracking could have an effect on local drinking water: withdrawing millions of gallons of water needed to
frack a well, improperly mixing chemicals with the water at the well, injecting that
fracking fluid into the ground at high pressure to fracture rock
as much
as two miles beneath the surface, handling the contaminated water then produced by the well and finally improperly storing or disposing of that water.
But the industry
as a whole has been recalcitrant «on this whole question of disclosing
fracking fluids,» she said.
George Howard serves
as vice chairman of the MEC, and
as the chairman of the chemical disclosure committee, which is tasked with creating regulations for
frack fluid and other
fracking chemicals.
In any case, after the
frack fluid is captured, the well is capped with a group of pipes and valves, commonly known
as a «Christmas tree,» that direct the gas into into the pipeline and processing system.
During hydraulic facturing, known
as fracking, large volumes of
fluid are pumped underground to pressurize and break rock, thereby releasing trapped natural gas.
Did
fracking fluids ever contain industrial waste mixtures which, if pumped into the ground for non-gas production purposes, would have been regulated
as hazardous waste?
The method combines a new form of horizontal drilling with hydraulic fracturing — more commonly known
as fracking GThe process blasts open fissures in underground shale - rock formations by injecting a high pressure combination of
fluids, chemicals and proppants causing the fossil fuel to flow to the production well.
Some of the
fracking fluid remains underground where it could potentially contaminate groundwater in the future, but much of it is brought back to the surface
as wastewater.