Sentences with phrase «as haplotypes»

Importantly, the association with OCD was observed only when multiple variants were analyzed as haplotypes, but not as single loci.

These patterns are known as haplotypes, and sets of similar haplotypes are organized into haplogroups.

Intriguingly, the new genetic resistance locus lies within a region of the genome where humans and chimpanzees have been known to share particular combinations of DNA variants, known as haplotypes.

Genetic tools still under construction, such as a haplotype map that will be used to discern genetic variation behind common diseases, could further accelerate the search for disease genes.

Variations in this marker allowed them to determine which two of the parents» four genes were passed on to children suffering from ADHD, a technique known as haplotype - based haplotype relative risk analysis.

mitotype A group of DNA variations in mitochondria (also known as a haplotype), that tend to occur — and become inherited — as a set.

Standard poodles are in the AKC non-sporting group but in the working dog 1 haplotype association scheme, Havanese are in the AKC toy group yet are categorized as haplotype working dog 1, and the AKC sporting group includes retriever and spaniel breeds while the haplotype sharing approach splits those into two distinct groups.

Not exact matches

The $ 138 million HapMap denotes haplotypes, stretches of DNA that are inherited together as unbroken blocks and can be identified by just a handful of DNA markers known as SNPS (single nucleotide polymorphisms).

«For instance, the benefits of the new UK10K haplotype reference panel are already being realised in analyses of international consortia as well as the 0.5 M people UK BioBank study.»

In response, Page and colleagues devised what is known as SHIMS (single - haplotype iterative mapping and sequencing) to establish a definitive reference DNA sequence of the Y chromosome.

This process, known as amplicon resequencing, allows for each PCR amplicon to be sequenced individually, enabling both the identification of rare variants and the assignment of haplotypes.

Altogether, the haplotypes of the three ancient samples were classified as either dog or wolf - like for 18 matrices that showed clear distinction between dog and wild canid haplotypes based on average reference allele counts calculated per window.

Yet there were numerous different subclone haplotype — one came to dominate, but the others persisted as well.

Because the polyT repeat is reported as the key variant to define TOMM40 clades A and B, 12 we used this marker and APOE isoform information to perform analyses based on phylogenetic groups as described by Roses et al. 12 Haplotype phase was estimated using PHASE software.22 The phylogeny, which represents the evolutionary relatedness of the haploytpes, was estimated using neighbor - joining with 10 000 bootstrapping replicates in the CLC DNA workbench (CLC bio, Aarhus, Denmark)(Supplemental Figure 3; http://neuroscienceresearch.wustl.edu/Pages/cruchaga2011.aspx).

Here, for the first time, we specifically define cases of immediate adaptive introgression (iAI), in which archaic haplotypes rose to high frequencies in humans as a result of a selective sweep that occurred shortly after the introgression event.

By using the recent haplotype - based methods ChromoPainter (CP) and FineSTRUCTURE (FS) we reveal a highly geographically clustered genetic structure in Finland and report its connections to the settlement history as well as to the current dialectal regions of the Finnish language.

As a demonstration, we use the gPBWT to quickly count the number of haplotypes consistent with random walks in a genome graph, and with the paths taken by mapped reads; results suggest that haplotype consistency information can be practically incorporated into graph - based read mappers.

We define these cases as distinct from instances of selection on standing introgressed variation (SI), in which an introgressed haplotype initially segregated neutrally and subsequently underwent positive selection.

As a consequence, the possibility has been raised that admixture did occur, but the early Europeans of modern anatomy were not too different genetically from Neandertals, or else that most Neandertal haplotypes were lost through a process of lineage sorting, i.e. by genetic drift [5].

When Dr. Foley approached me to see if I was interested in the program coordinator position, I was working as postgraduate researcher on a project to identify the origins of the domestic dog through Y chromosome haplotype analysis.

This indicated that the over-representation of certain haplotypes occurred at the onset of breed creation as a result of small founder numbers, and / or that it was associated with artificial genetic bottlenecks that were subsequently masked by a return to random selection.

Maternal haplotypes were determined by sequencing 655 bp of the mitochondrial D - loop (nucleotide 15453 — 16107) in 48 English Bulldogs as described [18].

The dominant paternal haplotype occurs as expected in several bracycephalic breeds that include «bull» in their breed names, as well as breeds such as the Beagle, Coton de Tulear, and Wire - haired fox terrier.

The major maternal haplotype EBU - J occurs in several of the brachycephalic breeds (Boxer, Pug, Boston Terrier) as well as small Mastiff - type dogs (Bull Mastiff, English Bull Terrier, American Pit Bull Terrier), while EBU - K has been found in Asian Mastiffs such as the Shiba Inu and Shikoku.

Therefore, the maternal haplotypes seen in English bulldogs support the general belief that English bulldogs evolved from Mastiff - type dogs crossed with brachycephalic breeds such as the Pug [1].

Doing a genetic test and subsequently eliminating an individual from the breeding population may not be the best strategy, as by targeting a particular allele at one genetic locus for removal from the gene pool of a particular breed, breeders may in fact increase allele frequency of genetic variants on alternative haplotypes at the same, or a different locus, that are recessively deleterious.

As noted above, the assignment of the German shepherd dog to the working dog 2 and the separate categories for retrievers and spaniels in the haplotype groupings may account for the difference observed between the AKC and haplotype groups.

Purebred dogs were also categorized into one of the 11 groupings based upon haplotype sharing as defined in Wayne and VonHoldt (2012)[14](n = 55,353): ancient and spitz (n = 2946), herding (n = 4579), mastiff - like (n = 5548), retriever (n = 18,347), scent hounds (n = 3742), sight hounds (n = 761), small terriers (n = 2534), spaniels (n = 4315), toy (n = 5542), working dogs 1 (poodles and Havanese; n = 1923), and working dogs 2 (n = 5116)(Additional file 1: Table S1 and Additional file 2: Table S2).

Breeds categorized by haplotype allele sharing as per Wayne and VonHoldt (2012) with speculated designations denoted in red font based upon Parker et al. (2004).

The Havanese breed, classified as an AKC toy, is categorized in the haplotype working dog 1 group likely accounting for increased risk in that category.

Glacial climatic fluctuations caused habitat changes, including the appearance of continental ice sheets as far south as Washington State [37], that may have caused range shifts in locally adapted gray fox populations, with foxes with clade B haplotypes existing as far south as southern California.

As the climate warmed during the Holocene, and suitable habitat expanded northward, gray fox population ranges shifted further north resulting in foxes with clade A haplotypes distributed as far north as Shasta County in northern California (Fig. 1As the climate warmed during the Holocene, and suitable habitat expanded northward, gray fox population ranges shifted further north resulting in foxes with clade A haplotypes distributed as far north as Shasta County in northern California (Fig. 1as far north as Shasta County in northern California (Fig. 1as Shasta County in northern California (Fig. 1).

Bayesian phylogenetic analysis in BEAST [36] of all unique mainland and island haplotypes (Fig. 3) used the earliest island fox radiocarbon date as a prior estimate for the coalescence of all island fox lineages.

Previous analyses using mtDNA RFLP's identified more mtDNA haplotypes than detected by our whole mitogenome (WMG) sequencing analysis on San Miguel (2 RFLP: 1 WMG genotypes) and Santa Catalina (3 RFLP: 2 WMG genotypes), suggesting a possible loss of mtDNA diversity on these islands as a result of population bottlenecks over the past 25 years [15].

CRH haplotype as a factor influencing cerebrospinal fluid levels of corticotropin - releasing hormone, hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis activity, temperament, and alcohol consumption in rhesus macaques

While Dutch researchers have failed to replicate this association [97, 98], parental genetic data and family - based analyses in the Hungarian sample showed a highly significant non-transmission of the 7 - repeat allele (and the -521 T ~ 7 - repeat haplotype) to securely attached infants, as well as a trend for preferential transmission to disorganised infants [95].