One active area of research involves the effects of maltreatment and related stressors on major body stress response systems such
as the hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal (HPA) axis, the catecholamine system (the locus ceruleus (LC)- norepinephrine (NE) / sympathetic nervous system (SNS)-RRB- and the immune system and the subsequent effects of chronic stress on brain development.
This is known
as the hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal (HPA) axis.
It is also associated with conditions such
as hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction, anemia, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, vaccinations, and reactive hypoglycemia
One newer area of inquiry is a look at a pathway in the body known
as the hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis.
This network of communication between the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the thyroid gland is referred to
as the hypothalamic - pituitary - thyroid axis (HPT axis).
The adrenal glands, the thyroid and the gonads (male testes and female ovaries) regulate, through the hypothalamic - pituitary - gonadal (HPG) axis as well
as the hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal (HPA) axis, the hormone response.
Loss of menstrual periods in a woman before menopause, which could be caused by various factors such as stress, extreme weight loss, or extreme exercise — also known
as hypothalamic amenorrhoea
It inhibits a condition known
as hypothalamic amenorrhea for women, which lead to unstable levels of hormones and cause increased body fat and reduced bone density.
Beyond that, high perceived stress strongly affects the control system of most hormones, which is the brain / body system known
as the hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal - thyroid - gonadal (HPATG) axis.
For those of you who don't know, FHA is a condition characterized by the absence of a menstrual period for three or more months in a woman of reproductive age, due to the breakdown in communication between the hypothalamus, pituitary and ovaries, also known
as the hypothalamic - pituitary - ovarian axis.
Continue too long down this path and you could end up with adrenal fatigue (more accurately known
as hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal dysfunction).
The entire system is known
as the hypothalamic - pituitary - testicular axis.
The prefrontal cortex, known for controlling the executive function of the brain, is critically involved in the response to stress, by regulating the endocrine glands known
as the hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis.
Not exact matches
It is scientifically plausible that our entire
hypothalamic - pituatary - adrenal (HPA) axis, which mediates long - term stress responses and immune function,
as well
as short - term fight - or - flight reaction, is permanently mis - set by the continuing high stress hormone levels that ensue when newborn babies are routinely separated from their mothers.
Growth hormone release - inhibiting hormone (somatostatin), a
hypothalamic peptide that inhibits the release of growth hormone and also the secretion of insulin glucagon, and gastrin, was found in the rat stomach and pancreas in a concentration similar to that in the hypothalamus,
as measured by radioimmunoassay.
They found that the number of spines in the
hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, an area of the brain known to be linked to female sexual behaviour, correlated with the amount of oestradiol injected into the rats,
as did their behaviour.
The findings suggest more subtle forms of brain injury, such
as concussion, may adversely affect HPO [
hypothalamic - pituitary - ovarian] axis function (this governs the menstrual cycle) and therefore menstrual cycles through a number of proposed mechanisms leading to disrupted gonadotropin secretion, according to the article.
The irregular eating patterns may have been related to a decrease in the production of appetite - regulating
hypothalamic peptides, such
as leptin and ghrelin, say the researchers.
They then turned to neurochemical studies, including lactate, glutamate and glutamine metabolism, effects on the
hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal (HPA) axis through cortisol secretion, and neurotrophins such
as brain - derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin - like growth factor 1 (IGF - 1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
Epigenetically - effected
hypothalamic GnRH secretion is central to my model of nutrient - dependent pheromone - controlled adaptive evolution, which was presented
as «Olfactory - genetic - neuronal - hormonal reciprocity in learning, memory, behavior and in immune function» during a 1995 Anti-Aging medicine conference.
Metlakunta
AS, Sahu M, Sahu A.
Hypothalamic phosphatidylinositol 3 - kinase pathway of leptin signaling is impaired during the development of diet - induced obesity in FVB / N mice.
The authors demonstrated that hepatic and adipose insulin effects were disturbed
as a secondary effect to
hypothalamic insulin resistance (265).
But
as soon
as leptin is introduced to the
hypothalamic region, this leads to a STAT3 activation and the STAT3 activation leads to activation of these POMC neurons, and it blocks actually the NPY neuronic pathway.
As I mentioned, the long form of this receptor is particularly vital in regulating obesity, and this tends to be present especially in the brain, in the
hypothalamic region and is the main site of leptin action.
This is associated with modification of
hypothalamic nitric oxide release that favors glucose uptake in metabolic tissues such
as skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue.
For people with dysregulation of the control system for CRH and cortisol, the
hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis, you may need to back off your workouts in order to fully heal,
as part of a comprehensive functional medicine protocol.
We discussed the
hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis,
as well
as the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system and how they affect the body's natural self - repair mechanisms.
So when women don't get enough calories or carbs,
as with many low carb diet plans, they can sometimes develop
hypothalamic amenorrhea.
Asana options: Select poses that activate the
hypothalamic - adrenal pathway (HPA axis to activate the parasympathetic nervous system) such
as cat / cow, twists, heart opening and poses that enhance connections bringing balance between the cortico - limbic pathway (balancing the logical and emotional brains) such
as sun salutations, warrior, mountain pose.
Surprisingly, the foundation of the endocrine system is not the sex hormones, it's the
hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis (HPA axis), otherwise known
as the stress buffering system.
In the brain, they are located in the
hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus and arcuate nucleus,
as well
as in ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens.
For women with hormonal problems such
as PCOS (read here to start figuring out if you have PCOS) and
Hypothalamic Amenorrhea (read here to figure out if you have HA), this is unfortunately the case.
Specifically, the area of the brain known
as the hypothalamus has receptors for Vitamin D, and
hypothalamic function controls weight and glucose (blood sugar) levels in the body.
Adrenal Fatigue / HPA Axis Dysfunction: When an individual is not able to produce enough stress hormone due to
hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis dysfunction (also called adrenal fatigue), they can feel fatigued and inflammed
as they fast.
OSA contributes to weight gain and difficulties losing weight
as it affects the sympathetic nervous system and
hypothalamic adrenal axis.
The
Hypothalamic - Pituitary - Adrenal (HPA) axis is a feedback loop by which signals from the brain trigger the release of hormones, such
as cortisol, needed to respond to stress.
A customized dietary protocol, targeted supplementation, and mind - body therapies enabled my dramatic recovery,
as did addressing root causes of dysfunction, including micronutrient deficiencies, heavy metal toxicity,
hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis dysfunction, sex hormone imbalances, dysbiosis, stealth infections, blood sugar dysregulation, and aberrant mitochondrial function.
On the other hand,
hypothalamic amenorrhea is typically understood
as a condition of scarcity.
In the brain, the ghrelin receptor is located in the the
hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus and arcuate nucleus,
as well
as in ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens.
Both factors may elicit a sympathetic and
hypothalamic — pituitary — adrenal (HPA) axis response, which drive increased systemic reactive oxygen species production, chronic inflammation, and a metabolic substrate shift toward carbohydrate and away from fat oxidation, manifesting in an array of signs and symptoms often labeled
as the overtraining syndrome.16
Some theories suggest that fibromyalgia may result from stress - induced changes in the hippocampal area of the brain; others from stress - induced disruptions of the
hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal (HPA) axis (which affects adrenal function and cortisol production); and still others from low levels of the neurotransmitter, dopamine, caused by genetic factors and triggered by exposure to stressors, such
as emotional distress, physical trauma, viral infections or inflammatory disorders.
Now go and feed yourself with this super delicious, super easy recipe for Raw Sesame Fudge from the Healing
Hypothalamic Amernorrhea e-book (
as pictured above) which Kate has kindly agreed to let me share on here with you.
- Other symptoms of hypothyroidism, which often accompanies
hypothalamic amenorrhea, such
as brittle hair and nails
Although there is a plethora of research demonstrating the benefits of fasting for autoimmune disease, many people with autoimmunity have
hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis dysfunction, colloquially known
as «adrenal fatigue».
The result of an imbalance in cortisol, otherwise termed
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) Axis dysregulation is weight gain, fatigue and brain fog, inflammation and immune system activation, digestive issues, restlessness, impaired sleep, decreased cognitive function, and mental health conditions, such
as anxiety and depression.
Adrenal gland dysfunction (
as part of the
hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis), very common in overtraining, usually begins in Stage 1.
The mice without an adipocyte clock and shifted feeding rhythms developed obesity,
as well
as changes in the relative amounts of various TGs stored in adipocytes, circulating in the plasma, and present in
hypothalamic neurons associated with energy balance (31).
Adaptogens act
as a kind of regulator for the production of hormones in the
hypothalamic, pituitary, adrenal glands (HPA axis).
Consistent with preclinical studies, adults with depression have been reported to have multiple alterations of the
hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (9), increased cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin - releasing hormone (10), elevated cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine concentration (11), decreased cortical γ - aminobutyric acid measured in vivo using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (12), and multiple indicators of altered serotonin (5 - HT) functioning (13), including reduced serotonin transporter (5 - HTT) availability
as evidenced by reduced [123I] β - CIT spect binding (14).
Chronic stimulation of the
hypothalamic - pituitary axis by environmental stressors, including family violence, may elevate cortisol levels, dysregulate neuroendocrine mediators of the reward pathway, and influence compulsive feeding practices33
as well
as visceral fat accumulation.35