While bonds are less volatile than stocks, the risks associated with financial repression (such
as inflation risk) can be more damaging to the former.
Fixed income securities also carry other risks, such
as inflation risk, liquidity risk, call risk, and credit and default risks.
Not exact matches
In its latest Annual Report, it argued that «even if
inflation does not rise, keeping interest rates too low for long could raise financial stability and macroeconomic
risks further down the road,
as debt continues to pile up and
risk - taking in financial markets gathers steam.»
In June 2008,
as the price of gas went above $ 4, Buffett said «exploding»
inflation was the biggest
risk to the economy.
Powell in statements throughout the year, culminating with his recent Senate confirmation hearing, has been clear he sees little
risk of
inflation that would prompt the Fed to raise rates faster than expected, and takes weak wage growth
as a sign that sidelined workers remain to be drawn into jobs.
If the Fed raises rates this year,
as most of his colleagues expect, «things could go okay, but you are creating a
risk of further declines in where market - based
inflation expectations are, basically to the credibility of our
inflation target, and I think you are creating downside
risks our pursuit of our employment mandate.»
Lakos - Bujas said he and his team view «normalizing
inflation and declining global deflationary
risks as a positive for equities at this stage of the cycle, and believe there has been some overreaction to
inflation headlines lately.»
It means an investment perceived
as «
risk - free» now offers limited downside
risk and positive after -
inflation yields.
Though all measures of
inflation were coming down
as summer turned to fall and the economy clearly was slowing following a July brush with $ 4 - a-gallon gasoline, the FOMC decided to hold the fed funds rate at 2 %, concluding that «the downside
risks to growth and the upside
risks to
inflation are both of significant concern to the committee.»
The dead - body business is seen
as highly predictable, uncorrelated with other industries,
inflation - linked, low -
risk and high - margin.
As it turned out, the upside
risks to
inflation didn't materialize.
You're still dealing with all of the same bond
risks as every other investor when you buy individual bonds — interest rate
risk, credit
risk,
inflation risk, duration
risk, default
risk, etc..
Inflation risk: is the chance that cash flow from an investment won't be worth as much in the future because of changes in purchasing power due to i
Inflation risk: is the chance that cash flow from an investment won't be worth
as much in the future because of changes in purchasing power due to
inflationinflation.
This means higher
inflation expectations would be perceived
as a problem for
risk markets.
Despite the slump in
inflation expectations and other signs that U.S. growth remains below trend, I don't view deflation
as a real
risk.
Under certain conditions,
as long
as monetary policy has a larger effect on
inflation than it does on financial stability
risk and macroprudential policy has a larger effect on financial stability
risk than it does on
inflation, there would be no need, in theory, for the agencies responsible to coordinate their actions explicitly.
We see the
risks around the profile for
inflation as roughly balanced.
Accordingly, the Governing Council agreed that acting at this time was consistent both with the Bank's primary mission — the pursuit of its
inflation target —
as well
as helping to manage financial stability
risks, even if there could be some increase in financial vulnerabilities in the process.
Though on a smaller scale and in a subtler manner, it has in many ways taken a page from the United States Federal Reserve's playbook for the 2008 financial crisis, which has been roundly criticized in Europe
as a reckless bailout that
risks setting off uncontrolled
inflation.
Our long - term forecasts are based on our assessment of current valuation measures, economic growth and
inflation prospects,
as well
as historical
risk premiums.
These countries share other weaknesses
as well: excessive fiscal deficits, above - target
inflation, and stability
risk (reflected not only in the recent political turmoil in Brazil and Turkey, but also in South Africa's labour strife and India's political and electoral uncertainties).
If there is a danger that monetary policy will be seen
as «too difficult», there is also a
risk that too much will be expected of it or, at least, that its success or failure will be judged against an impossibly - high standard: it can't cure the business cycle; it can't reduce
inflation costlessly; and it can't be operated with surgical precision.
World growth will remain low on average but negative in the UK and Europe; price
inflation will remain sufficiently subdued for a while longer so
as to impose no constraint on monetary expansion; central banks will sustain a regime of negative real interest rates and rapid monetary expansion; the
risk of a eurozone collapse is off the table for now; finally, stock markets should continue to perform better than expected, even though the four - year old cyclical bull market is long by historical standards.
Fixed income investments entail interest rate
risk (
as interest rates rise bond prices usually fall), the
risk of issuer default, issuer credit
risk and
inflation risk.
International investments, particularly investments in emerging markets, may carry
risks associated with potentially less stable economies or governments (such
as the
risk of seizure by a foreign government, the imposition of currency or other restrictions, or high levels of
inflation or deflation), and may be or become illiquid.
The thrust of his argument is that interest rates need to go up
as the Fed's been «adding enormous policy accommodation over the past several years» and, even while they've long been missing their
inflation target on the downside, there's a
risk of getting «significantly behind the curve.»
«
As the downside
risks to the
inflation outlook dissolve, the Bank of Canada is likely to re-establish a tightening policy bias over the course of this year - we expect the first hike to the overnight rate in the second quarter of 2015,» said Wright.
Moreover,
as inflation is less demand driven and the result of external factors (Currency, commodity prices), raising interest rates
risks plunging the economy into a recession.
March: «In these circumstances, the Committee's predominant policy concern remains the
risk that
inflation will fail to moderate
as expected.»
I view the underlying insight
as a healthy realization by market participants that the
risks are two - sided: Unsustainably strong growth that leads to excessive
inflation or financial imbalances is now
as much a
risk as growth that falls short.
Inflation is the biggest
risk to lower interest rates,
as I've detailed in the past.
Given the absence of a public trading market of our common stock, and in accordance with the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Accounting and Valuation Guide, Valuation of Privately - Held Company Equity Securities Issued
as Compensation, our board of directors exercised reasonable judgment and considered numerous and subjective factors to determine the best estimate of fair value of our common stock, including independent third - party valuations of our common stock; the prices at which we sold shares of our convertible preferred stock to outside investors in arms - length transactions; the rights, preferences, and privileges of our convertible preferred stock relative to those of our common stock; our operating results, financial position, and capital resources; current business conditions and projections; the lack of marketability of our common stock; the hiring of key personnel and the experience of our management; the introduction of new products; our stage of development and material
risks related to our business; the fact that the option grants involve illiquid securities in a private company; the likelihood of achieving a liquidity event, such
as an initial public offering or a sale of our company given the prevailing market conditions and the nature and history of our business; industry trends and competitive environment; trends in consumer spending, including consumer confidence; and overall economic indicators, including gross domestic product, employment,
inflation and interest rates, and the general economic outlook.
These
risks include the downside ones of a Chinese yuan devaluation and a U.K. exit from the European Union,
as well
as the upside
risks of an emerging market rebound or a moderate rise in
inflation expectations on improving growth prospects.
As the Fed tapers, many observers worry about the effect on the stock market, while others are worried about the
risk of
inflation or deflation and everybody is worried about the effect of higher interest rates on economic growth and for the bond market.
The outlook for
inflation is subject to a number of
risks that the Bank identifies
as important.
Moreover, core
inflation moved ahead of its level of 6 months ago, and leading economic measures continued to slip (though we don't see them
as being indicative of recession
risk at present).
However, few economists expect any mention of trade
risks in the Fed's policy statement on Wednesday and see any tweaks
as likely to be confined to upgrading the language on
inflation to reflect that it is now effectively at target.
U.S. stocks traded in record territory on Wednesday
as the
risk of persistently weak
inflation hung over the Federal Reserve's most recent policy meeting.
Our mindful examination of
inflation validates the conclusions from previous articles that in most cases, stocks are the best option to deal with routine
inflation as well
as the more infrequent true
risk of rapid unexpected changes in
inflation.
In today's UK market, the cap rate distribution curve has flattened out, consumer and wage
inflation is out of synch, and investors are not getting paid enough to take core
risk as there is little prospect for net operating income (NOI) growth in the current lease regime.
In the most recent period, following the tightening of monetary policy in May, market interest rates declined for a time
as participants assessed that the cumulative tightening over the previous six months might have been sufficient to reduce the
risks on
inflation.
In a late - October statement, the Fed dropped prior references to the
risks to US growth and
inflation stemming from skittish financial markets and a sluggish global economy, and it singled out solid increases in the domestic US economy in areas such
as spending and investment, along with further improvement in the housing market.
The November Statement identified the pick - up in world oil prices in the second half of 2004
as the major
risk to the
inflation outlook, and the higher level of oil prices did contribute to the upstream inflationary pressures in producer prices in the December quarter.
Therefore, investors act
as agents to transmit changing policy expectations and changing
inflation risk premiums into the real economy by adjusting their
risk exposures across the yield curve.
As usual, I don't place too much emphasis on this sort of forecast, but to the extent that I make any comments at all about the outlook for 2006, the bottom line is this: 1) we can't rule out modest potential for stock appreciation, which would require the maintenance or expansion of already high price / peak earnings multiples; 2) we also should recognize an uncomfortably large potential for market losses, particularly given that the current bull market has now outlived the median and average bull, yet at higher valuations than most bulls have achieved, a flat yield curve with rising interest rate pressures, an extended period of internal divergence as measured by breadth and other market action, and complacency at best and excessive bullishness at worst, as measured by various sentiment indicators; 3) there is a moderate but still not compelling risk of an oncoming recession, which would become more of a factor if we observe a substantial widening of credit spreads and weakness in the ISM Purchasing Managers Index in the months ahead, and; 4) there remains substantial potential for U.S. dollar weakness coupled with «unexpectedly» persistent inflation pressures, particularly if we do observe economic weaknes
As usual, I don't place too much emphasis on this sort of forecast, but to the extent that I make any comments at all about the outlook for 2006, the bottom line is this: 1) we can't rule out modest potential for stock appreciation, which would require the maintenance or expansion of already high price / peak earnings multiples; 2) we also should recognize an uncomfortably large potential for market losses, particularly given that the current bull market has now outlived the median and average bull, yet at higher valuations than most bulls have achieved, a flat yield curve with rising interest rate pressures, an extended period of internal divergence
as measured by breadth and other market action, and complacency at best and excessive bullishness at worst, as measured by various sentiment indicators; 3) there is a moderate but still not compelling risk of an oncoming recession, which would become more of a factor if we observe a substantial widening of credit spreads and weakness in the ISM Purchasing Managers Index in the months ahead, and; 4) there remains substantial potential for U.S. dollar weakness coupled with «unexpectedly» persistent inflation pressures, particularly if we do observe economic weaknes
as measured by breadth and other market action, and complacency at best and excessive bullishness at worst,
as measured by various sentiment indicators; 3) there is a moderate but still not compelling risk of an oncoming recession, which would become more of a factor if we observe a substantial widening of credit spreads and weakness in the ISM Purchasing Managers Index in the months ahead, and; 4) there remains substantial potential for U.S. dollar weakness coupled with «unexpectedly» persistent inflation pressures, particularly if we do observe economic weaknes
as measured by various sentiment indicators; 3) there is a moderate but still not compelling
risk of an oncoming recession, which would become more of a factor if we observe a substantial widening of credit spreads and weakness in the ISM Purchasing Managers Index in the months ahead, and; 4) there remains substantial potential for U.S. dollar weakness coupled with «unexpectedly» persistent
inflation pressures, particularly if we do observe economic weakness.
«Any further stimulus only increases the long - term
risk of
inflation, which we already view
as high.»
Investing in currency involves additional special
risks such
as credit, interest rate fluctuations, derivative investment
risk, and domestic and foreign
inflation rates, which can be volatile and may be less liquid than other securities and more sensitive to the effect of varied economic conditions.
Financial forecasts, rates of return,
risk,
inflation, and other assumptions may be used
as the basis for illustrations in this analysis.
«
Inflation is not likely to get out of hand,
as it did back then, but the
risks that it could are definitely escalating,» he said.
But
as risk aversion subsides, and investors return to corporate bonds and other assets, investors are now calculating the
risks of renewed dollar
inflation.