Sentences with phrase «as ionization»

By combining first - principles molecular dynamics simulations with state - of - the - art electronic structure methods, the team could predict the excitation energies of the solvents and solutes, such as the ionization potentials of the solvated ions.

The research team then focused a beam of vacuum ultraviolet light from the synchrotron on the heated gas mixture that knocked away electrons (an effect known as ionization).

The outcomes of a number of different chemical reactions, such as ionization vs. dissociation of diatomic sodium, have employed this method.

Not exact matches

Rapid in - situ or in - packaging solutions may be supplemented with other rapid technologies such as rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry and desorption electrospray ionisation.58

With this labeling method, the intrinsically labeled Golden Rice β - carotene showed a protonated molecule of m / z of Mβc + H + = 536 + 1 (representing unlabeled β - carotene) and a range of isotopomers with the most abundant showing an enrichment of 9 deuterium at Menrich - βc = Mβc + H + + 9 mass units (Figure 4) as analyzed by using the liquid chromatography / mass spectrometry with a positive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface (the total m / z was Mβc + 9 + H + = 536 + 9 + 1 = m / z 546)(23).

Negative ionization is known to be associated with several health benefits, such as protection from various illnesses and causing a positive change in one's mood.

That approach — known as electrospray ionization — ionizes large molecules by dissolving them in a solvent and using an intense electric field to pull tiny charged droplets of solution from the end of a needle.

The metals are one of the three groups of elements as distinguished by their ionization and bonding properties, along with the metalloids and nonmetals.

It would have to be a process that magnified the tiny effect of the atomic particle itself, as the condensation of droplets in supersaturated vapor magnifies the ionization produced by a particle in a cloud chamber.

Previous experiments during eclipses have shown that the degree of ionization doesn't simply die down and then ramp back up again, as you might expect.

They found that the two factors qualifying a material as a good catalyst are its hydrogen adsorption energy and the Lewis pair's hardness — a measurement of the difference between its ionization potential and electron affinity.

They found that just a few hundred fs after the initial ionization, the Ne atom that had absorbed the x-ray, as well as two neighboring Kr atoms, were all in an ionized, positively charged state.

Cosmic rays, such as iron and titanium atoms, heavily damage the cells they traverse because of their very high rates of ionization.

The tool, known as DESI mass spectrometry imaging (or Desorption ElectroSpray Ionization mass spectrometry imaging), works by turning molecules into electrically charged versions of themselves, called ions, so that they can be identified by their mass.

By directly applying a high voltage on a small piece of raw sample with its surface loaded with solvents, spray ionization could be induced at the tip of the sample to generate corresponding mass spectra within minutes, as if they are fingerprints which helps identification.

If the ionization states of silicon can not only be sampled on such a short time scale, but can also be set — as the first experiments with krypton suggest — scientists might one day be able to use this to develop novel and even faster computer technologies.

The six benchmarks are: 1) HDR brachytherapy procedures are supported with the appropriate team as described in the report of the AAPM TG 59 and the American College of Radiology HDR Brachytherapy Practice Standard; 2) commissioning of the treatment unit, treatment planning system and each new source is performed by a qualified medical physicist and verified through a QA process; 3) assay of the HDR brachytherapy unit source is performed using a well - type ionization chamber with a calibration traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and this assay is performed or confirmed for each source change.

«As a result of tunneling ionization in a strong laser field, a superposition of two quantum states of the hole occurs: it is similar to Schrödinger's cat that is simultaneously alive and dead; in this superposition the hole can be found at opposite ends of the molecule at the same time.

Their instrument has one extra feature: It allows neutral particles such as antihydrogen to flow into an ionization well, a trap that pulls apart the antihydrogen.

During solar flares, variation in the solar flux in the spectral range extending from the UV to the X-ray wavelengths can have a direct effect on the ionization of the atmospheres of planetary bodies as well as on their heating and dimensions (for details see Schunk & Nagy 2009).

While the exact mechanism for charging and for initiating lightning within the Venusian clouds is not currently known (Yair 2012) it is nonetheless likely that cosmic ray ionization has an important role in this process as it is believed to be the primary source of atmospheric ions at middle and low altitudes.

The new development, known as SPIN or Subambient Pressure Ionization with Nanoelectrospray, eliminates this problem completely.

It may be somewhat less enriched as Sol with elements heavier than hydrogen («metallicity») based on the ionization balance of iron and a comparison between observed and computed profiles for the extremely strong ionized calcium (Ruck and Smith, 1995)-- metallicity measurements based on iron alone range from 55 to 155 percent of Sol's (Cayrel de Strobel et al, 1991, page 26).

As a result, we find that the interband ratio of PAH 7.7 $ \ mu $ m / PAH 11.3 $ \ mu $ m varies locally near M17SW, but rather independently of the distance from the OB stars in M17, suggesting that the degree of PAH ionization is mainly controlled by local conditions rather than the global UV environments determined by the OB stars in M17.

Abstract: We have investigated multiphoton multiple ionization dynamics of argon and xenon atoms using a new x-ray free electron laser (XFEL) facility, SPring - 8 Angstrom Compact free electron LAser (SACLA) in Japan, and identified that highly charged Xe ions with the charge state up to +26 are produced predominantly via four - photon absorption as well as highly charged Ar ions with the charge state up to +10... ▽ More We have investigated multiphoton multiple ionization dynamics of argon and xenon atoms using a new x-ray free electron laser (XFEL) facility, SPring - 8 Angstrom Compact free electron LAser (SACLA) in Japan, and identified that highly charged Xe ions with the charge state up to +26 are produced predominantly via four - photon absorption as well as highly charged Ar ions with the charge state up to +10 are produced via two - photon absorption at a photon energy of 5.5 keV.

Moini, M., Jones, B. L., Rogers, R. M. & Jiang, L. Sodium trifluoroacetate as a tune / calibration compound for positive - and negative - ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in the mass range of 100 — 4000 Da.

Novel platforms, such as PCR - based electron spray ionization - time - of - flight - mass spectrometry

A new ionization function is available as an option — for improved air stream quality.

The spark plugs — each is powered by an individual ignition coil — function as «sensors»; the two auxiliary control units monitor the power signal after every ignition and can immediately identify irregularities in the combustion process through ionization phenomena.

Nappa leather, Airmatic air suspension, touchpad - operated infotainment, automatic emergency braking, a Burmester sound system, and an Air Balance Package with fragrance and ionization all come standard, as does the three - layer, tensioning - arm acoustic soft top that opens and closes in 20 seconds.

Standard equipment on EX models such as UVO Powered by Microsoft, push button - start ignition with smart key and rear sonar back - up sensors, rear view back - up cameras and air ionization purification technology complete the modern and high - tech driving experience.

Distronic radar cruise control is optional, as is active blind spot assist, active lane keeping assist, an air - ionization system, a wood / leather steering wheel and three - color ambient lighting.

There is a significant amount of aerosol formation taking place with no ionization («background levels»), and when the sample air in the experiment was replaced, this caused a large jump (seen as a shift along the vertical axis) in the formation rate (the different colours in the figure above).

Rasmus notes that other factors besides ionization seemed at least as important in influencing the nucleation rate.

The results presented are of the impact of ionization on the formation rate of aerosols with size ~ 4 nanometers (nm), as shown in the figure below:

As you point out, it will be important to spread out the proton beam so the atmospheric ionization will be efficiently dispersed.

As the Report says: «there is high confidence (medium evidence and high agreement) that the GCR - ionization mechanism is too weak to influence global concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei or their change over the last century or during a SC in a climatically - significant way»

Space - based GNSS radio occultation measurements onboard satellites such as CHAMP, GRACE, and Formosat3 / COSMIC are well suited to detect such ionization enhancements in the bottomside ionosphere.

Due to the relative weakness of Earth's geomagnetic shielding in this region, cloud changes over such a location are tantalizing as FD events have the potential to induce maximum changes in atmospheric ionization.

As GCR is the primary source of atmospheric ionization, it has been suggested that GCR may act to amplify relative small variations in solar activity into climatologically significant effects (Ney, 1959), via a hypothesised relationship between ionization and cloudiness (e.g., Dickinson, 1975; Kirkby, 2007).

Strontium isotope ratios can be measured at the delta ppm level using a medium to high resolution magnetic sector mass spectrometer with multiple fixed collectors and either thermal ionization or inductively coupled plasma as an ion source.

In addition, the level of ionization of the atmosphere has been proposed as an important mechanism that can modulate the low cloud cover formation (Tinsley, 2008; Kirkby, 2007; Svensmark et al., 2009).

The review by Idso et al. (2009) found growing evidence for indirect solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) ionization influencing clouds, that IPCC has dismissed as unsupported.

This does not change the possibility that cosmic ray particles may produce ionization in the atmosphere, which act as nuclei for cloud drops.

As a result, the states of Massachusetts, Vermont, and Iowa have banned them, and lawsuits have been filed against manufacturers of ionization smoke detectors, such as Kidde, Inc., BRK Brands, Inc., and USI Electric, IncAs a result, the states of Massachusetts, Vermont, and Iowa have banned them, and lawsuits have been filed against manufacturers of ionization smoke detectors, such as Kidde, Inc., BRK Brands, Inc., and USI Electric, Incas Kidde, Inc., BRK Brands, Inc., and USI Electric, Inc..

For example, while smoke detectors are crucial, ionization smoke detectors can take as much as 30 minutes longer than other alarms to notice smoke.

The International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) has called the banning of ionization detectors as they are MUCH slower to trip than photo - electrics.