Sentences with phrase «as large volcanic eruptions»

The iconic climate curve, a combination of observed land and ocean temperatures, has quite a few ups and downs, most of which climate scientists can easily associate with natural phenomena such as large volcanic eruptions or El Nino events.

It is true that there are some orbital cycles that operate on thousands, tens of thousands and hundred thousand year cycles but this has no bearing on short term perturbations such as a large volcanic eruption, a large release of methane clathrates or a large injection of anthropogenic CO2.

Not exact matches

Unrest at large calderas rarely ends in eruption, encouraging vulnerable communities to perceive emergency warnings of volcanic activity as false alarms.

The spatial deposition of sulfur particles in the bipolar ice cores, as calculated in the model, agrees well with the actually measured deposits of large volcanic eruptions, such as Pinatubo in 1991 or even of Tambora of 1815.

After large volcanic eruptions that pump sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere, such as that of mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991, the planet cools for a year or two.

Using an interdisciplinary approach that combined evidence from climate modelling of large 20th - century eruptions, annual measurements of Nile summer flood heights from the Islamic Nilometer — the longest - known human record of environmental variability — between 622 and 1902, as well as descriptions of Nile flood quality in ancient papyri and inscriptions from the Ptolemaic era, the authors show how large volcanic eruptions impacted on Nile river flow, reducing the height of the agriculturally - critical summer flood.

Infrasound signals can remain strong as they travel over large distances, making them useful for pinpointing the location and size of events such as nuclear explosions, meteorite strikes, volcanic eruptions and sometimes earthquake ruptures.

Large quantities of mercury are also released by natural processes such as volcanic eruptions, forest fires and erosion.

NATURAL catastrophes such as asteroid impacts, massive volcanic eruptions or large - scale wildfires would have periodically plunged our planet into abnormal darkness.

Some geologists speculate that massive volcanic eruptions covering areas as large as modern continents triggered the release of methane buried in the ocean floor, causing a greenhouse effect.

Two years earlier, the ash from an unusually large number of major volcanic eruptions reflected so much sunlight that 1816 became known as the year without a summer.

«The researchers also calculated the likely effect of remediation on the ozone layer, but found that ozone depletion would be short - lived and similar to that resulting from natural processes such as large solar storms and volcanic eruptions.»

Perhaps in the future a large volcanic eruption (VEI 5 - 6 or greater) may cause 1 - 2 °C swings in global temperatures as they rise further as we go from enhanced greenhouse effect to enhanced reductions in insolation from thicker sulfuric acid vails.

«We are using Io as a volcanic laboratory, where we can look back into the past of the terrestrial planets to get a better understanding of how these large eruptions took place, and how fast and how long they lasted,» Davies said.

Climate scientists have also attempted to estimate climate sensitivity based on the response to recent large volcanic eruptions, such as Mount Pinatubo in 1991.

The short - term variations are dominated by ENSO but also can be influenced by large tropical volcanic eruptions (such as occurred in 1963, 1982 and, markedly, 1991), so the years after those eruptions are anomalously cool.

In Earth's past the trigger for these greenhouse gas emissions was often unusually massive volcanic eruptions known as «Large Igneous Provinces,» with knock - on effects that included huge releases of CO2 and methane from organic - rich sediments.

«We are using Io as a volcanic laboratory, where we can look back into the past of the terrestrial planets to get a better understanding of how these large eruptions took place, and how fast and how long they lasted,» states Davies.

Santorini as a whole has a large half moon like bay due to a large volcanic eruption that collapsed the center of the island covering the current inhabitants and creating the bay.

Katmai was established as a Preserve in 1918 to protect the region surrounding Mount Katmai and the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes that was devastated by the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th Century.

Read about the fear and awe local residents felt as the skies darkened and ash rained from the sky in Witness: First Hand Accounts of the Largest Volcanic Eruption of the 20th Century.

The largest eruption of the 20th Century inspired a large amount of research on the connection between volcanic eruptions and the Earth's atmosphere in the 12 years since that eruption, as exemplified by the chapters in this book.

As an example of this, we do have a pretty good understanding of how large volcanic eruptions affect global temperatures.

Note that in the last piece, Tamino points out the coincidence of two very large volcanic eruptions early in the «dalton minimum,» which as many have noted, may account for the oddities of the weather more than the solar magnetic activity.

Undoubtedly, volcanic eruptions have contributed some atmospheric CO2, but this can only be miniscule as neither the 1991 Pinatubo eruption (largest of the century), nor the 1986 Lake Nyos CO2 eruption that killed thousands, so much as registered a blip in the Mauna Loa CO2 record.

In fact, it is possible to have some frost rings without any evidence of explosive volcanism, presumably occurring due to extremes in local weather, but, as shown above, they do seem to record large volcanic eruptions in recent times very well indeed.

Sulphate aerosols from a large volcanic eruption can do so, such as Pinatubo in 1991 - 93.

I've sometimes thought that global cataclysms like the largest volcanic eruptions would disrupt the glacial records by many years, like Oruanui eruption c. 26500bp, as these would induce unrecorded behavior in weather and other things, f.e. the huge ash deposits might decrease the albedo so much a local melting event happens.

«The researchers also calculated the likely effect of remediation on the ozone layer, but found that ozone depletion would be short - lived and similar to that resulting from natural processes such as large solar storms and volcanic eruptions.»

Scenario A was described as «on the high side of reality,» because it assumed rapid exponential growth of GHGs and it included no large volcanic eruptions during the next half century.

Scientists at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and the Bonneville Power Administration think underground porous rocks produced by volcanic eruptions could be used as a large battery system.

At CEC14, Bjørn Samset presented modelling which suggested the possibility of deploying short - lived greenhouse gases, such as forms of HFC, to counter the effects of a large volcanic eruption.

And lots of people imagine we could be entering a cooler period in next couple decades, and most are not allowing or counting on, that we could have a large volcanic eruption as part of the mix.

Volcanism is another key driver of historical climate changes, and we have compared the modeled response to large volcanic eruptions with historical data as well.

This played an important role as the injection of volcanic material was so large in the Toba eruption that some chemical processes saturated, leading to a longer presence of sulfur - containing particles in the stratosphere.

Other dips, such as the one in the mid-1990s, are associated with large volcanic eruptions.

«Since 1997, when Pinatubo's aerosol settled out, the stratosphere has been exceptionally clear... Half or more of the warming since 1995 may due to the lack of large volcanic eruptions... That's about 0.13 °C... The remaining climate change is presumably caused by other forces, such as solar variability, El Nino, Atlantic AMO warming in 1995, lower Albedo and maybe even a little greenhouse gas.»

Current computer models can faithfully simulate many of the important aspects of the global climate system, such as changes in global average temperature over many decades; the march of the seasons on large spatial scales; and how the climate responds to large - scale forcing, like a large volcanic eruption.

2) There are errors in the assumed forcings, such as: a) AR5 let stratospheric aerosol concentration go to zero after 2000 (a sure way to prod the models into higher predictions), but it actually increased for the next 10 years «probably due to a large number of small volcanic eruptions».

The technique, which is known as «stratospheric aerosol injection», could cool the planet in a similar way to a large volcanic eruption.

92) If one factors in non-greenhouse influences such as El Nino events and large volcanic eruptions, lower atmosphere satellite - based temperature measurements show little, if any, global warming since 1979, a period over which atmospheric CO2 has increased by 55 ppm (17 per cent).

Large volcanic eruptions eject sulfur dioxide, which rapidly forms tiny particles in the air known as «aerosols» that block sunlight.

The short - term variations are dominated by ENSO but also can be influenced by large tropical volcanic eruptions (such as occurred in 1963, 1982 and, markedly, 1991), so the years after those eruptions are anomalously cool.

But the data shows that volcanic eruptions do NOT cause the large effects that they would perforce have if the sensitivity to forcing were as large as they claim.

Moreover, using long time periods for averaging makes it impossible to avoid major volcanic eruptions, which involve uncertainty as to the large forcing excursions involved and their effects.

Re decadal regression, decades to years ending in a five, as in Marvel et al, are not ideal since several large volcanic eruptions were going on a year or two before the end of the decade.

However, detecting acceleration is difficult because of (i) interannual variability in GMSL largely driven by changes in terrestrial water storage (TWS)(7 ⇓ — 9), (ii) decadal variability in TWS (10), thermosteric sea level, and ice sheet mass loss (11) that might masquerade as a long - term acceleration over a 25 - y record, (iii) episodic variability driven by large volcanic eruptions (12), and (iv) errors in the altimeter data, in particular, potential drifts in the instruments over time (13).