All performance reviews are vulnerable to this kind of disconnect, but when it comes to classroom observations
as a measure of teacher effectiveness, the stakes can feel particularly high.
There are a number of reasons: 1) student achievement probably wasn't used
as the measure of teacher effectiveness; 2) before the advent of the modern computer, in the mid-1960s, some of the more sophisticated analyses were not feasible; 3) the structure and makeup of schools change, making the findings less applicable to the current situation; 4) most important, older studies may not control for critical variables, such as students» backgrounds or past achievement.
Specifically, this bill and its companion in the California Assembly (AB 575) would allow school districts that currently violate the law by ignoring student progress
as a measure of teacher effectiveness to continue to do so.
Specifically, this bill and its companion in the California Senate (SB 499) would have allowed school districts that currently violate the law by ignoring student progress
as a measure of teacher effectiveness to continue to do so.
Many of the CKN briefs identified threats to the validity of value added
as a measure of teacher effectiveness for some teachers.
Testing as a tool of assessing student progress has been around since Day 1, but using student test scores
as a measure of teacher effectiveness has caused a backlash in some quarters.
Not exact matches
Their implementation came at the same time a new
teacher evaluation system went into effect across New York state, using some
of the test results from the new curriculum
as a
measure of a
teacher's
effectiveness and ultimately job security.
Using what the city calls a «new framework for
measuring teacher effectiveness» instituted in December, principals approved fewer
teachers for tenure this year — 58 percent
of 5,209
teachers as opposed to 97 percent
of those eligible in 2006 - 7.
And the evidence on the importance
of teacher academic proficiency generally suggests that
effectiveness in raising student test scores is associated with strong cognitive skills
as measured by SAT or licensure test scores, or the competitiveness
of the college from which
teachers graduate.
But,
as numerous studies have shown, having a master's degree is generally not correlated with
measures of teacher effectiveness, based on student test scores.
As importantly, it appears that existing survey - based
measures of non-cognitive skills, although perhaps useful for making comparisons among students within the same educational environment, are inadequate to gauge the
effectiveness of schools,
teachers, or interventions in cultivating the development
of those skills.
It is in their uses
as measures of individual
teacher effectiveness and quality that such
measures are particularly inappropriate.»
By way
of comparison, the authors note that the impact
of being assigned to a
teacher in the top - quartile rather than one in the bottom quartile in terms
of their total effect on student achievement
as measured by student - test - based
measures of teacher effectiveness is seven percentile points in reading and six points in math.
While
measures of teachers» general academic skills, such
as SAT scores and college selectivity, are often statistically significant predictors
of teachers»
effectiveness in raising student achievement, their effects are modest in size.
The study — which gathered data in mid-2014 — didn't
measure teacher effectiveness, so there's no exploration
of those who are seen
as «performing well» or «underperforming» in their role.
Student - test - based
measures of teacher performance are receiving increasing attention in part because there are,
as yet, few complementary or alternative
measures that can provide reliable and valid information on the
effectiveness of a
teacher's classroom practice.
Last year, some 21 states and the District
of Columbia opted to rank
teacher - preparation programs by
measures of their graduates»
effectiveness in the classroom, such
as their value - added scores.
A good
teacher is now recognized
as someone whose students learn and grow, with 38 states revising their policies on educator
effectiveness to include
measures of student growth or achievement
as one
of multiple factors in
teacher evaluations.
By mandating that all states develop annual standardized tests to
measure student performance, NCLB created objective standards that could be used for other purposes, too — including
as an ostensible means
of judging
teacher effectiveness.
We focused on research that examines how the various attributes
of teachers affect student achievement, counting
as legitimate evidence only those studies that used this
measure of teachers»
effectiveness.
Our primary outcome
measures will include
teachers» classroom performance
as captured by the MQI, students» perceptions
of their
teachers»
effectiveness, and student test scores.
Though the federal rule was repealed, last year some 21 states and the District
of Columbia opted to rank
teacher - preparation programs by
measures of their graduates»
effectiveness in the classroom, such
as their value - added scores.
We identify a number
of background characteristics (e.g., undergraduate GPA)
as well
as screening
measures (e.g., applicant performance on a mock teaching lesson) that strongly predict
teacher effectiveness.
These and other findings with respect to the correlates
of teacher effectiveness are obtained from estimations using value - added models that control for student characteristics
as well
as school and (where appropriate
teacher) fixed effects in order to
measure teacher effectiveness in reading and math for Florida students in fourth through eighth grades for eight school years, 2001 - 2002 through 2008 - 2009.
The foundation also announced today that
as part
of its plan to promote and support effective teaching it is investing $ 45 million in research to better understand what makes a
teacher effective and how such
effectiveness can be
measured.
He endorsed moving forward with value - added
as one
measure of teacher effectiveness.
Because using test scores
as a way to gauge
teacher effectiveness is new and largely untested, it is important that Oregon proceed in a thoughtful,
measured way that continues to put most emphasis on how well
teachers use research - proven methods
of engaging and teaching all students, he said.
We have only imperfect
measures of teachers»
effectiveness and, with one year
of data, the variance in the estimation error can be
as large
as the variance in underlying
teacher effects.
The correlation between
teacher effectiveness (
as demonstrated by value - added student growth
measures) and student life outcomes (higher salaries, advanced degrees, neighborhoods
of residence, and retirement savings) is staggering; it's not an exaggeration to say that great
teachers substantially improve students» future quality
of life and those students» contributions to the common good.
In the wake
of high - profile evaluations
of teachers using their students» test scores, such
as one conducted by the Los Angeles Times, a study released last month suggests some such methods, called «value added»
measures, are too imprecise to rate
teachers»
effectiveness.
The deal, reached last week after months
of intense negotiation, would allow data from the tests and other sources to be used
as one
measure of teachers»
effectiveness for the first time.
Other
teacher attributes: Recent studies suggest that
measures of teachers» academic skills, such
as SAT or ACT scores, tests
of verbal ability, or the selectivity
of the colleges they attended, may predict their
effectiveness more accurately than the characteristics discussed above.
Measures of teachers» academic skills, such
as their verbal ability, may more accurately predict their
effectiveness, but there is far less evidence on this issue, and these findings are also not conclusive.
Teaching
effectiveness measures have great potential to provide
teachers with feedback
as they work to hone their craft and to help school system leaders understand where support for better teaching and learning is needed, whether that support is effective, and, ultimately, how to design a system
of supports to get better results.
The year - to - year growth in
teachers»
effectiveness,
as measured by student achievement, is largest in the early years
of their careers and then quickly tapers off.
As districts grapple with implementing statutory requirements for annual evaluation, a common pain point has been the use
of student growth and assessment data, including properly understanding what the legislation requires, which
measures to use, how to aggregate growth
measures for
teachers and administrators, and reliably scoring for 25 %
of an
effectiveness rating.
Nonetheless, absent a more perfect method for identifying
teacher excellence (e.g.,
teacher effectiveness indices
as measured by
teachers» effects on student academic growth), the research team chose to accept the risk
of equating national
teacher awards with
teacher excellence.
To investigate the relationship between school
effectiveness and classroom instruction, we initially conducted a multivariate analysis
of variance (MANOVA) with the school
effectiveness rating serving
as the independent variable and eight
teacher variables serving
as outcome
measures (see Table 11).
With EA
as your partner, you'll get objective and expertly developed
measures of teacher or school
effectiveness.
As examples, studies that use student test performance to
measure teachers»
effectiveness — adjusted for prior achievement and background characteristics — demonstrate that, on average,
teachers add more to their students» learning during their second year
of teaching than they do in their first year, and more in their third year than in their second.
Setting aside the fact that the AFQT does not
measure teacher effectiveness, it is insulting and demeaning to argue that
teachers are not smart enough to receive market compensation comparable to their peers based on the results
of a test that most
of them took
as teenagers.
SGOs are one
of three
measures used to judge
teacher effectiveness as part
of the
teacher tenure reform law that went into effect last year.
I agree that educational credentials are not the best
measures of teacher effectiveness — but the researchers go on to assert that
teachers should not be compared to workers with similar educational credentials because
teachers do not score
as well on the Armed Forces Qualifications Test.
Accordingly, and also per the research, this is not getting much better in that,
as per the authors
of this article
as well
as many other scholars, (1) «the variance in value - added scores that can be attributed to
teacher performance rarely exceeds 10 percent; (2) in many ways «gross» measurement errors that in many ways come, first, from the tests being used to calculate value - added; (3) the restricted ranges in
teacher effectiveness scores also given these test scores and their limited stretch, and depth, and instructional insensitivity — this was also at the heart
of a recent post whereas in what demonstrated that «the entire range from the 15th percentile
of effectiveness to the 85th percentile
of [
teacher]
effectiveness [using the EVAAS] cover [ed] approximately 3.5 raw score points [given the tests used to
measure value - added];» (4) context or student, family, school, and community background effects that simply can not be controlled for, or factored out; (5) especially at the classroom /
teacher level when students are not randomly assigned to classrooms (and
teachers assigned to teach those classrooms)... although this will likely never happen for the sake
of improving the sophistication and rigor
of the value - added model over students» «best interests.»
Or according to some, including researcher Jay Greene, find the best mix
of measures to implement so that
teachers would accept student assessment
as a valid to
measure teacher effectiveness.
I believe every vendor
of value - added models should report this information for every achievement test being used
as a
measure of «
teacher effectiveness.»
It implemented a performance - based compensation system combining student growth and achievement
measures with 23
measures of school
effectiveness, such
as positive school culture, effective parent engagement, and
teacher leadership.
But the error rate
of these «value - added
measures» may be lower than the error rate
of classifications based on traditional
measures of teacher effectiveness such
as licensure status or years
of experience.
If we think about improvement
as measuring the difference between a
teacher's
effectiveness at the beginning
of a period and her
effectiveness at the end, the change over time will be subject to errors in both the starting and the ending value.
Their findings described VAM
as an imprecise and unstable
measure of teacher effectiveness, particularly if the student assessment data are not
of high quality or do not cover a sufficient number
of years from which to predict student achievement with any degree
of accuracy.