The impacts of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the Great Lakes are being assessed using a range of economic metrics capturing the loss of services provided by the lakes (e.g. increased drinking water treatment costs, property value losses, beach closures),
as well
as the direct effects of toxic
microcystin on public health (Bingham et al 2015, IJC 2013)-- such events are expected to increase in frequency and severity in a changing climate (Michalak et al 2013).