Sentences with phrase «as moving electrons»

Some of that current is lost, however, as moving electrons from the emitter drop into «holes» — places in the base where electrons are missing — releasing energy in the process.

Not exact matches

As one moves up levels of organization — electrons, atoms, molecules, cells, and so on — the properties of each larger whole are given, not merely by the units of which it is composed, but by the new relations among these units.

He gives the example from biology that it is the mind that controls physiological events such as walking: the mind controls the chemicals involved, and thus the decision to walk affects the electrons when you move your foot.

Other effects, such as light scattering from cosmic dust and the synchrotron radiation generated by electrons moving around galactic magnetic fields within our own galaxy, can also produce these polarisation twists.

«One way to know is by understanding how electrons move around in these materials so we can develop new ways of manipulating them — for example, with light instead of electrical current as conventional computers do.»

As Jaramillo put it: «Chemistry is all about where electrons want to go, and catalysis is about getting those electrons to move to make and break chemical bonds.»

The computer's performance has generally been improved through upgrades in digital semiconductor performance: shrinking the size of the semiconductor's transistors to ramp up transaction speed, packing more of them onto the chip to increase processing power, and even substituting silicon with compounds such as gallium arsenide or indium phosphide, which allow electrons to move at a higher velocity.

This freely moving particle, predicted by many grand theories of the universe, is thought to carry a single quantum of magnetic «charge», rather as an electron carries a single unit of electric charge.

«By twisting and controlling the molecular bonds with light,» Awschalom says, «it is possible to operate on the electron spins as they move through the chemical structure.»

José Sánchez - Dehesa and Daniel Torrent at the Polytechnic University of Valencia claim that the sound moves in the same way as electrons in graphene, with almost no losses (Physical Review Letters, DOI: 10.1103 / PhysRevLett.108.174301).

The scheme of oxidases action is simple: transferring electrons to molecular oxygen, reducing equivalents are oxidized again, and as a result «the energy currency» of the cell — the proton - moving force is generated.

These changes can affect the new material's properties, such as how electrons move through it.

As a read head moves above bits of magnetic data, changes in the magnetic orientation of those bits alter the electrical resistance of electrons flowing through the sensor, translating the magnetic data into a stream of electrical pulses.

The authors point out that the assumption that the electrons move en masse as they separate from the ions deserves more careful attention.

Electrons begin moving in circles in response to the magnetic field, as well as back and forth in reaction to the electric field — and the moving charges produce fields of their own.

As the MMS team reports today in Science, instead of the turbulent swirling of electrons that some theorists had predicted, researchers found that the electrons moved in a more concerted way, meandering back and forth across the magnetopause.

Many people picture electrical conductivity as the flow of charged particles (mainly electrons) without really thinking about the atomic structure of the material through which those charges are moving.

The most accurate atomic clock we have now is regulated by the electrons of a single aluminium ion as they move between two different orbits with sharply defined energy levels.

The energy and momentum of these electrons, known as a material's «band structure,» are key properties that describe how electrons move through a material.

These rolling electron waves could then be described as right - moving with spin up, left - moving with spin down, and so on.

The electrons move by hopping from one atom to another, assuming new positions in the «potential» energy map as they do so.

He studied the phenomenon in the context of electrons moving through impure materials (electrons behave as both particles and waves), but under certain circumstances it can happen with other types of waves as well.

He realized that if the material is well - ordered, like a crystal, with its atoms evenly distributed, the electrons move freely as waves.

As the electrons move, they leave behind positively charged «holes» that interact with electrons in important ways.

As neutrons (blue line) scatter off the graphene - like honeycomb material, they produce a magnetic Majorana fermion (green wave) that moves through the material disrupting or breaking apart magnetic interactions between «spinning» electrons.

The effect is a finite change in the infinite selfenergy of the electron as it moves inside an atom.

They managed to do that by capturing light in a net of carbon atoms and slowing down light it down so that it moves almost as slow as the electrons in the graphene.

The transport of these electrons as a current can be encouraged or discouraged by a voltage applied to an overlying electrostatic gate, pretty much the same arrangement used to move currents through field - effect - transistors (FETs), one of the universal components of myriad electronic devices.

As the electrons move through an external circuit to the ions, this creates the current that powers the car.

The fast - moving electrons in the plasma slam into these molecules, producing highly reactive species such as hydroxyl and nitric - oxide molecules.

Semiconductors such as silicon and gallium arsenide have a «bandgap» between the «valence band» — the energy levels where electrons normally reside — and the higher - energy «conduction band» in which electrons are free to move.

Those predictions can only be possible, though, if the electron - hole pairs in the sample behave as wavelike objects moving throughout the whole crystal like waves in an ocean.

Indeed, graphene has superior conductivity properties, but it can not be directly used as an alternative to silicon in semiconductor electronics because it does not have a bandgap, that is, its electrons can move without climbing any energy barrier.

Scientists at the Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and Stanford University have made the first direct measurements, and by far the most precise ones, of how electrons move in sync with atomic vibrations rippling through an exotic material, as if they were dancing to the same beat.

The common paradigm used to explain the observation of conductivity at interfaces of materials such as lanthanum aluminate and strontium titanate is that electrons move across the interface to alleviate the so - called polar catastrophe created by polar / nonpolar interface creation.

As hydrogen atoms move about in space, they can absorb small amounts of energy, sending the atom's single electron to a higher energy state.

Researchers hope the probe will help them find out more about various particles, such as fast - moving electrons, in the region.

As the three scientists explain, the cantilever moves because of the finite though small interaction between electrons associated with atoms on the surface and those in the tip attached to the cantilever.

X-rays are produced in X-ray tubes by the deceleration of energetic electrons (bremsstrahlung) as they hit a metal target or by accelerating electrons moving at relativistic velocities in circular orbits (synchrotron radiation; see above Continuous spectra of electromagnetic radiation).

This process of transferring electrons is known as doping and induced a giant Stark effect, which tuned the band gap allowing the valence and conductive bands to move closer together, effectively lowering the band gap and drastically altering it to a value between 0.0 ~ 0.6 electron Volt (eV) from its original intrinsic value of 0.35 eV.

However, a consequence of Ampere's Law and Faraday's Law is that a charged particle, such as an electron, moving in an orbit should radiate energy as electromagnetic waves.

To continue this work, he moved to the Walz lab as a post-doctoral fellow, where he completed the first atomic resolution structure of a mammalian membrane protein, aquaporin - 0, using electron microscopy.

As a result, some of Harrison's current projects, related to human virus structures, are moving away from X-ray crystallography toward electron cryomicroscopy (EM).

Cornering performance is dead sure, as if the Coupe is a big electron moving through printed circuits, and body roll is not a factor.

As the electrons of the molecules of air absorb visible light they are physically moved in their orbit before coming back to ground state when they spit out the same energy they absorbed, the energy is conserved by the electrons using it in moving in their orbit and is conserved in the loss of speed of the visible light.

Not being absorbed by real world water, visible is not only not capable because of its tiny scale of moving the whole molecule of water into vibration which is what it takes to heat water, but it isn't even able to be absorbed by the electrons of the water molecules as the electrons of the molecules of air absorb it, so water doesn't reflect / scatter visible light on the electrons of molecule level as does air, but gives up and passes it along, and so, visible is transmitted through, also, unchanged, but much delayed.

In the atmosphere the absorption of visible light's energy by the electrons of the gas air does not create heat, the energy is used in motion through space (think petrol in the car used for motion through space), as the electron is moved in its orbit and when returning to ground state when it spits out the same energy as entered; the right kind of energy and an electron can be moved out of its orbit completely.

In reflection / scattering the electrons absorb the energy and are moved to a higher orbit, as they always want to return to ground state they do, and in doing so emit the exact energy they absorbed.

A third party could then note that this still underestimates what is called the «correlation energy» of the system, because treating the electron cloud as a continuous distribution through when electrons move ignores the fact thatindividual electrons strongly repel and hence do not like to get near one another.

Conversely, when Electrons or Protons move, they create «fields» and then perhaps (propagated) «waves» as well.