He described the know - how of teachers
as pedagogical content knowledge:
Not exact matches
Teachers need their own version of boards — a rigorous set of requirements that would include exams of
content and
pedagogical knowledge, observations of teaching, and examinations of students» work — which would certify teachers
as having successfully completed their training and earned their membership into a demanding and highly skilled profession.
Preservice elementary teachers
as information and communication technology designers: an instructional systems design model based on an expanded view of
pedagogical content knowledge
TPACK can be described
as teachers»
knowledge of when, where, and how to use technology, while guiding students to increase their
knowledge and skills in particular
content areas using appropriate
pedagogical approaches (Brantley - Dias & Ertmer, 2013; Niess, 2011).
Therefore, after selecting teachers with the appropriate background
content and
pedagogical content knowledge and skills (addressing weaknesses
as necessary), experienced practitioners noted that a preparation program for teacher leaders should develop and strengthen their abilities to serve
as leaders.
If technology is truly to impact both
pedagogical competence,
as well
as increase
content knowledge in the social studies, the apex of the instructional delivery system — the instructor — must be the continual focus of these beliefs.
The concept of technological
pedagogical content knowledge (or technology, pedagogy, and
content knowledge [TPACK]-RRB- provides a theoretical frame for doing just that (Mishra & Koehler, 2006)--
as long
as TPACK is not used by teacher educators and researchers
as a simple static and myopic evaluative lens that fails to pay attention to the range of contexts that teachers work within.
As a strategy employed by teacher leaders, professional development may be used for various purposes such as supporting implementation of curriculum, introducing new pedagogical strategies, and deepening mathematics and science content knowledg
As a strategy employed by teacher leaders, professional development may be used for various purposes such
as supporting implementation of curriculum, introducing new pedagogical strategies, and deepening mathematics and science content knowledg
as supporting implementation of curriculum, introducing new
pedagogical strategies, and deepening mathematics and science
content knowledge.
Hill, Ball and Brian Rowan find only modest links between measures of the mathematical
knowledge that teachers need for teaching and their students» performance on standardized math tests, and the vaunted Measures of Effective Teaching project had to abandon its
content knowledge for teaching measures, designed to assess some aspects of
pedagogical content knowledge,
as they were not associated with student achievement.
However, beyond
content knowledge,
pedagogical practices change
as research changes.
This study presents a refined technological
pedagogical content knowledge (also known
as TPACK) based instructional design model, which was revised using findings from the implementation study of a prior model.
The inclusion of the three levels of specificity resonates with Lee and Hollebrands» (2008) observation that TPACK can be conceptualized
as technological and
pedagogical knowledge nested within
content knowledge.
Lastly, the need to work effectively with technology
as English teachers supports efforts to develop preservice teachers» technological
pedagogical content knowledge during university preparation.
Using reflection to consider specific issues critically — such
as the rapid rate of technological change, the design of technology for educational purposes or the use of specific forms of technology to support the situated nature of learning (Mishra & Koehler, 2006)-- provides preservice teachers with the opportunity to develop their technological
pedagogical content knowledge while engaging in meaningful reflective practice.
The majority of teachers noted that both their science
pedagogical content knowledge and geospatial
pedagogical content knowledge increased
as a direct result of their use of the curriculum and educative support materials (Table 3).
Through their projects they construct theoretical
knowledge of multiliteracies
as they become digital storytellers of their own identities, and they construct technological
pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK) about how to integrate such digital video technology in their future classrooms.
In determining what teachers need to know, Shulman (1987) describes four areas
as essential: general
pedagogical knowledge (how to teach),
content knowledge (science),
pedagogical content knowledge (how to teach science), and disciplinary
knowledge (inquiry and scientific processes).
As Hammond and Manfra (2009) described in their discussion of TPACK in social studies education, TPACK is a conceptual framework in teacher education that «provides a common language to discuss the integration of technology into instruction and builds upon the concepts of pedagogical content knowledge, [as well as] teacher as curricular gatekeeper» (p. 160
As Hammond and Manfra (2009) described in their discussion of TPACK in social studies education, TPACK is a conceptual framework in teacher education that «provides a common language to discuss the integration of technology into instruction and builds upon the concepts of
pedagogical content knowledge, [
as well as] teacher as curricular gatekeeper» (p. 160
as well
as] teacher as curricular gatekeeper» (p. 160
as] teacher
as curricular gatekeeper» (p. 160
as curricular gatekeeper» (p. 160).
As technological tools become more ubiquitous in classroom settings, teachers must expand their
pedagogical content knowledge to include a critical stance about technology use.
In TPACK, technological
knowledge is added
as an additional dimension along with
content and
pedagogical knowledge.
Importantly, addressing geospatial technology in teacher education also engages teacher candidates» development of technological
pedagogical content knowledge, also known
as technology, pedagogy, and
content knowledge (TPACK).
Perhaps more importantly, the HI FIVES professional development and project
as a whole centered around fostering teacher creation of SEGs for implementation in their classrooms, which both afforded opportunity for TPACK improvement and encouraged teachers to embed their current
content and
pedagogical knowledge within the games they would later implement in their classroom.
If the focus is mainly on
content and
pedagogical content knowledge, single subject PLCs allow teachers to have a similar
knowledge base,
as well
as common needs and common experiences.
As suggested by many authors in the Handbook of Technological
Pedagogical Content Knowledge (AACTE Committee on Innovation and Technology, 2008), more research needs to examine the role of teacher preparation programs teachers» beliefs (Niess, 2008), and specific student and school contexts (McCrory, 2008) regarding the nature and development of TPACK.
Dispositions can be
as important in teacher quality
as pedagogical or
content knowledge (Singh & Stoloff, 2008).
A change to the conceptual framework on a programmatic level is necessary to instill the necessary technological
pedagogical content knowledge (or technology, pedagogy, and
content knowledge, known
as TPACK) that allows future teachers to integrate technology in a manner consistent with national standards (Wetzel, Foulger, & Williams, 2009).
Teachers»
pedagogical content knowledge requires time to develop
as novice teachers transition into the complex role of teaching (Mullholland & Wallace, 2005).
Preservice elementary teachers
as information and communication technology designers: An instructional systems design model based on an expanded view of
pedagogical content knowledge.
Extension of the concept to «technological
pedagogical content knowledge» (now referred to
as technology, pedagogy, and
content knowledge, or TPACK) in recent years recognizes the central role of
content and pedagogy in uses of educational technology — a role previously missing in many discussions.
In this clip, learn more about the missing paradigm —
pedagogical content knowledge —
as the «essence of great teaching.»
These types of exams fail to assess deep
content knowledge,
pedagogical skill, or performance leading a classroom.3 Additionally, many believe these types of exams act
as a mechanism that disproportionately filters out potential teachers of color.4
Altering the assignment to include or require collaborative forms of technology, such
as discussion boards, group weblogs or communal wikis, would offer preservice teachers the opportunity to reflect in a community of their peers while providing experience with different forms of technology and supporting further development of their technological
pedagogical content knowledge.
Although more current data are not available, Stein, Stuen, Carnine, and Long (2001) estimated that «textbooks serve
as the basis for 75 to 90 % of classroom instruction» (p. 6), even though
pedagogical content knowledge for teaching now would include the ideas of appraising, selecting, and modifying textbooks (
as recommended by Ball, 2000).
At the heart of the continuum is National Board Certification, a process designed for teachers to demonstrate, through standards - based evidence, the positive impact they have on student learning
as a result of their deep and abiding understanding of students,
content knowledge,
pedagogical practice, ongoing reflection and participation in learning communities.
Technological
pedagogical content knowledge (now known
as technology, pedagogy, and
content knowledge, or TPACK) has become a widely referenced conceptual framework within teacher education.
It provides a common language to discuss the integration of technology into instruction (Koehler & Mishra, 2008) and builds upon the concepts of
pedagogical content knowledge (Shulman, 1987) and teacher
as curricular «gatekeeper» (Thornton, 2001a, 2001b).
This paper describes a framework for teacher
knowledge for technology integration called technological
pedagogical content knowledge (originally TPCK, now known
as TPACK, or technology, pedagogy, and
content knowledge).
Since Mishra and Koehler's (2006) description of technological
pedagogical content knowledge (also known
as TPACK), scholars have analyzed the various paths preservice and in - service teachers can take to develop their
knowledge in each of the subdomains.
The emerging analysis highlights the development of these young teachers»
knowledge and understandings of digitized resources
as they relate to historical thinking via a pragmatic meter and their
pedagogical content knowledge.
In keeping with the current trajectories of TPACK research, Doering and Veletsianos (2007b) identified geography technological
pedagogical content knowledge (see Figure 2)
as a necessary component for teacher education programs to focus on in order to facilitate increased integration of geospatial technologies (e.g., Google Earth) into K - 12 classrooms.
Technological
pedagogical content knowledge (Mishra & Koehler, 2006) Since its formal introduction in 2006, TPACK
as a theoretical concept has been embraced by technology integration communities (e.g., Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education; see http://site.aace.org/conf/) who have long struggled to define, explain, and stress the role of technology within the field of education (Doering, Veletsianos, & Scharber, 2007; Thompson & Mishra, 2007).
Mishra and Koehler's (2006) framework, technological
pedagogical content knowledge (referred to in this paper
as technology, pedagogy, and
content knowledge, or TPACK), provides a suitable starting point in our search for the «conceptual home» of technology in the social studies (Martorella, 1997).
As technology becomes entwined in classrooms and schools, it will become braided into
pedagogical knowledge,
content knowledge, and
pedagogical content knowledge such that the focus on technology will no longer be needed.
According to Neiss (2005), TPACK (or technology
pedagogical content knowledge,
as she referred to it at that time)
Mishra and Koehler conceived of instruction
as a Venn diagram made up of three overlapping circles or bodies of
knowledge:
pedagogical knowledge,
content knowledge, and technology
knowledge.
At the same time, these new teachers often participate in advanced coursework to better understand the
content knowledge and
pedagogical skills that shape excellent teaching
as they begin their practice.
Specifically,
as a model, NTU would ensure the presence of three critical aspects of teacher preparation: (1)
content knowledge, (2)
pedagogical methods and theory, and (3) teaching experience and mentorship.