Sentences with phrase «as phosphorylation»

A protein that is inactive in the absence of additional modification (s), such as phosphorylation or ubiquitylation.

When nitrogen is scarce, an enzyme tacks a phosphate group onto NtrC — a process known as phosphorylation — and thus «flips» NtrC from an inactive to an active form.

Not exact matches

But mutated or dysfunctional Rb is associated with several major cancers and Cyclin D has long been described as an oncogene that promotes cancer because it was believed to inactivate the Rb tumor suppressor function through a process called phosphorylation, which involves phosphate molecules being added to proteins, essentially turning them on or off.

Every cell in the body uses phosphorylation, the process of adding a chemical tag to control a protein's function and fate, such as when it moves from one part of a cell to another or binds to other proteins.

Prior work on nucleoside phosphorylation has shown that inorganic phosphate can serve as both a catalyst and a reactant in nucleoside synthesis, they said.

Somatic cells generate their energy in an oxygen - fueled process called oxidative phosphorylation, which takes place in the mitochondria, also known as cellular powerhouses.

Hund's team identified a phosphorylation site (Serine 571) on the voltage-gated sodium channel targeted by CaM kinase II that serves as a switch for inappropriate «late» sodium influx.

The sequence similarity between MAD - 3 and pp40 includes a casein kinase II and consensus tyrosine phosphorylation site, as well as five repeats of a sequence found in the human erythrocyte protein ankyrin.

«We realized that studying the lithium response could be used as a «molecular can - opener» to unravel the molecular pathway of this complex disorder, that turns out not to be caused by a defect in a gene, but rather by the posttranslational regulation (phosphorylation) of the product of a gene — in this case, CRMP2, an intracellular protein that regulates neural networks,» added Snyder.

Biology is rife with examples of modularity: the overwhelming majority of molecules in a cell is either part of an intracellular complex with modular activity, such as the ribosome, or participates in an extended (functional) module as a temporally regulated element of a relatively distinct process (e.g., signal amplification in a phosphorylation ‐ mediated signaling pathway).

In the past 27 years, we have found that this cycling sugar modification of proteins — called O - linked N - acetylglucosamine, or O - GlcNAc — is nearly as common as protein phosphorylation and often competes with it at the same or proximal sites on proteins to regulate nearly every cellular process in response to nutrients and stress.

This «metabolic switch» seems counter-intuitive, as the efficiency of glycolysis is 18-fold lower that oxidative phosphorylation.

These studies are utilizing phosphorylation site - specific antibodies as well as Rab11 - FIP mutants to define defects in trafficking and polarity.

Also called OXPHOS Complexes (Oxidative Phosphorylation) that make redox NADPH be used as electron donor through ETC and allow mitochondria to produce cell energy ATP.

A set of enzyme complexes, designated as complexes I - V, carry out oxidative phosphorylation within mitochondria.

Instead of having to express proteins when they are needed and degrade them when they are not, phosphorylation can be used as a switch to turn a protein on or off, so to speak.

The enhanced hiPS - HEP cells respond to insulin with phosphorylation of protein kinase B - α (Akt), even at low insulin concentrations, and the genes involved in glycogen metabolism, gluconeogenesis, and insulin signaling are expressed at similar levels as in hphep cells.

As seen in in vitro co-culture studies, EphA2, EphB2 and EphB4 phosphorylation was reduced in whole tumour lysates of Tie2PEKO animals, independently of changes in gene expression (Supplementary Fig. 10).

Stimulation of BP with the Tie2 ligand Ang1 resulted in detectable Tie2 phosphorylation, albeit again at considerably lower levels as in EC (Fig. 1e — h).

AKT phosphorylation was Tie2 - dependent as evidenced by shRNA - mediated Tie2 silencing experiments (Fig. 1i — l, Supplementary Fig. 2a, b).

Since November 2013, as part of SGC, Clara mainly investigates different subfamilies of kinases involved in alternative splicing through phosphorylation - mediated regulation of SR proteins activity.

Here, we show that enhanced hiPS - HEP cells respond to insulin with phosphorylation of protein kinase B - α (Akt), even at low insulin concentrations (Figure 4, Panels E and F), and that the genes involved in glycogen metabolism, gluconeogenesis, and insulin signaling are expressed at similar levels as in hphep cells (Figure 4, Panels B, C, and D).

Ang1, but not Ang2, induced phosphorylation of the Tie2 downstream target AKT in BP (Fig. 1i, j) as well as in EC (Fig. 1k, l).

The phosphorylation status of all mTOR signaling proteins was determined as negative, positive, and strongly positive (+ +) depending on the presence and staining intensity of signal (Table 1).

Theret et al. identify LDH as a new functional target of AMPKα1 in MuSCs, where it is a direct regulator by which the oxidative phosphorylation / aerobic glycolysis balance can be shifted to control differentiation / self - renewal.

We observed that the phosphorylation level of AKT significantly correlated with the phosphorylation level of mTOR and rpS6 as well as with expression of total 4E - BP1 and eIF4E in ALK + ALCL tumors.

For this, the cells use the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle and as oxidative phosphorylation.

We also show that inhibition of mTOR with rapamycin, as well as silencing mTOR gene product expression using mTOR - specific small interfering RNA, decreased phosphorylation of mTOR signaling proteins and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in ALK + ALCL cells.

However, the PI3K - AKT - mTOR pathway model seems to be more complex, as recent evidence suggests that rictor - mTOR complex directly phosphorylates AKT on Ser473 and facilitates Thr308 phosphorylation by PDK1 in vitro and mTOR is directly phosphorylated by p70S6K at Ser2448.

The next slide, a little bit more about Fox01; Fox - 01, as I mentioned, is activated by Akt through phosphorylation.

Importantly, stimulation of the crosslinking of CD4ζ chimeric receptors led to tyrosine phosphorylation as would be expected for a fully functional chimeric receptor.

As shown in Fig. 4H, the phosphorylation levels of Akt, as well as the downstream target proteins, were reduced in the VPA - treated group compared with vehicle - control grouAs shown in Fig. 4H, the phosphorylation levels of Akt, as well as the downstream target proteins, were reduced in the VPA - treated group compared with vehicle - control grouas well as the downstream target proteins, were reduced in the VPA - treated group compared with vehicle - control grouas the downstream target proteins, were reduced in the VPA - treated group compared with vehicle - control group.

In 2012, he showed that interfering with phosphorylation of the membrane protein aquaporin - 0 results in cataracts that are visually the same as those in a human patient.

However, it is unclear whether this enhanced interaction selectively facilitates transcription of specific p53 target genes, including sestrins, or whether p53 serine18 phosphorylation also regulates specific target genes by altering interactions of p53 with other coactivators such as chromatin modifying enzymes.

As lethal toxin treatment led to reduced levels of MEK1 / 2 and MKK3 / 6 and reduced phosphorylation of ERK1 / 2 and p38, we examined the role of these two MAPK kinases in IL - 22 production in ILC3s.

Phosphorylation of mTOR is increased in response to leucine [20], an excellent substrate for SLC6A14; as such, our findings that mTOR phosphorylation is markedly decreased in Slc6a14 − / − tumours indicate that the tumours suffer from amino acPhosphorylation of mTOR is increased in response to leucine [20], an excellent substrate for SLC6A14; as such, our findings that mTOR phosphorylation is markedly decreased in Slc6a14 − / − tumours indicate that the tumours suffer from amino acphosphorylation is markedly decreased in Slc6a14 − / − tumours indicate that the tumours suffer from amino acid deprivation.

Similarly, increased level of STAT2 tyrosine phosphorylation was detected as well in IRF - 1 — transfected HT1080 cells (Fig. 4B).

Similarly, microarray analyses comparing global gene expression in cells that overexpress wild - type STAT3 or phosphorylation - deficient mutant indicate that a subset of genes are regulated by unphosphorylated STAT3, including well - known oncogenes such as MRAS and MET (Yang et al., 2005).

As shown in Figure 2A, treatment of BaF3 Aut (V658I) with CMP6 completely blocked phosphorylation of JAK1 and STAT5, while the same treatment did not affect either JAK1 or STAT5 phosphorylation in the BaF3 Aut (F958V) cells.

Here, we have shown for the first time that the unphosphorylated STAT2 could play an important role in RIG - G gene expression by interacting with IRF - 9, further reinforcing the idea that STAT proteins could function as transcription factors in the absence of tyrosine phosphorylation.

Stimulation of gamma waves reduced levels of amyloid - β, decreased phosphorylation of tau, and led the brain's immune cells — microglia — to perform their usual housekeeping role, clearing away cellular debris, including amyloid - β (as opposed mounting an inflammatory response as microglia do in Alzheimer's disease, Tanzi explained).

Gene ontology (GO) analysis of genes within 250 kb of a PORE sequence revealed enrichment in processes such as transcription regulator activity (p < 0.001), sex determination (p < 0.005), insulin receptor signaling (p < 0.001), development (p < 0.0005), and protein phosphorylation (p < 0.005).

Over time however, mutations in these genes occur as a result of constant exposure to reactive oxygen species produced by oxidative phosphorylation, the mitochondrial energy generation process.

As a first step towards identifying such post-translational modifications, we performed bioinformatic analysis of the Oct4 protein sequence and identified several potential phosphorylation sites.

Hence, a potential phosphorylation event might be able to prevent formation of one of these conformations while leaving the other homodimer (as well as heterodimer formation potential) intact.

«No one has shown that you can use charge, and phosphorylation as a way to get charge, to disrupt these ALS - associated protein aggregates,» said co-corresponding author Nicolas Fawzi, an assistant professor in the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology at Brown University.

As a test of this model, that these potential Oct4 phosphorylation events can shape the ES cell transcriptional landscape, Oct4 point mutants in an inducible expression vector can be stably transfected into ES lines which conditionally express wild - type Oct4 [14].

As this residue lies on the edge of the POU homeodomain, we asked if phosphorylation could influence the transactivation potential of Oct4.

Therefore, we conclude that FcεRI - induced activation of Syk is dependent on RhoH, which is essential for the phosphorylation of LAT and SLP - 76 adaptors as well as PLC phosphorylation and Ca2 + mobilization in mast cells.

Antibody staining also shows increased phosphorylation of the Nodal signal transducer, Smad2, in lefty2 mutant embryos as compared to wild - type embryos (Author response image 1)(Dubrulle et al. 2015; Schier 2009).