Sentences with phrase «as photoreceptors»

By studying what pushes those 6 percent into their fate as photoreceptor cells, researchers might figure out how to generate a larger number of transplantable cells.

Not exact matches

He has also studied photoreceptor dynamics and visual processing in other species such as butterflies and fish.

The retina contains small, specialized neurons called bipolar cells that transmit information from light - sensitive photoreceptor cells to ganglion neurons, which send information to the brain for interpretation as images.

Bennett thinks the therapy will work even better in younger patients who have not lost as many photoreceptors.

«This diversity will require more research by tracking down the elusive photoreceptor gene and examining the behavioural colour vision capabilities of other marsupials to confirm other species as trichromats.»

Typically afflicted children start life with poor vision, which worsens as more and more photoreceptors die.

As RPEs help to maintain and support adjacent photoreceptor cells which capture light, their loss leads to blindness.

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a single layer of cells that accomplishes multiple functions, such as providing survival molecules that prevent photoreceptors from dying.

They use the photoreceptor protein phytochrome B to see light and then regulate processes such as seed germination, seedling development, longitudinal growth and flower formation.

The second layer is made of bipolar cells that act as a conduit between the photoreceptor and the third type of cell, the ganglion, which transmits the light signals to the brain.

Thus, when there is a lot of blue light (as when the sun is overhead), this particular photoreceptor prompts the suprachiasmatic nucleus to tell the pineal gland not to make much melatonin, and so we stay awake.

These wavelength - sensitive photoreceptors were identified soon after and are known as melanopsin - containing ganglion cells.

The therapy employs a virus to insert a gene for a common ion channel into normally blind cells of the retina that survive after the light - responsive rod and cone photoreceptor cells die as a result of diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa.

Eyeless starfish scuttled just as fast, but in random directions — demonstrating that the starfish needed the photoreceptors to recognise and move towards the reef.

But he points out that as most of the experiments were done under monochromatic light, it's difficult to predict what the full suite of photoreceptors do in natural daylight.

The team discovered that the vibrant light from the breast feathers selectively activates different photoreceptors in the female birds» eyes as the colors change.

In a report published online this week by Science, Deng and his colleagues suggest that in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, blue - light photoreceptor proteins known as cryptochromes cozy up to COP1.

This implant makes use of bipolar cells, as these form the second layer downstream of photoreceptor cells lost to the progress of disease.

This stacking allows for absorption of shorter wavelengths, such as blue light, in the shallow photoreceptors and red light in the deeper receptors.

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But someday all of them could offer a valid treatment for retinitis pigmentosa as well as for age - related macular degeneration, which gradually destroys photoreceptors in the center of the retina and is the leading cause of blindness in adults over age 55.

«Because degradation of photoreceptors is believed to be a major factor in retinal diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa and Leber's congenital amaurosis, this finding, that horizontal cells are necessary for the normal survival of photoreceptor cells, is novel and significant,» says Mu.

They play a pivotal role in regulating synaptic transmission, modulating excitotoxicity responsible for much of the neuronal damage caused by hypoxic insult in the brain [37], and are expressed in retinal photoreceptors, horizontal cells, and bipolar cells as well as the amacrine and ganglion cells of the inner retina [38 — 41].

Lamba and colleagues recently demonstrated that human embryonic stem cells could be directed to differentiate into photoreceptors and respond to a light stimulus as measured by ERG in crx − / − mice (a model for Leber's congenital amaurosis)[5].

When transplanted to the subretinal space of mice lacking functional photoreceptors, human embryonic stem cells directed toward a retinal lineage integrate into the outer nuclear layer, express photoreceptor markers, and restore a light response as determined by the electroretinogram (ERG)[5].

These cells are interdependent, as RPE provides nutritional support to allow photoreceptors to respond to light.

In retinal diseases such as age - related macular degeneration, for example, photoreceptor cells that absorb light signals are damaged or dead.

If the layer is not sustained, which the implant intends to replace, then the photoreceptor cells also die off, and people lose their sight slowly as a result.

Photoreceptors are specialized neurons in the retina that convert light into signals that the brain interprets as sight.

In particular we are interested to unravel the mechanisms that ensure the maintenance of the apical membrane when exposed to physical stress, e. g. during morphogenesis of epithelial tissues, or when exposed to light stress in photoreceptor cells, using Drosophila and zebrafish as model organisms.

The retinal degeneration 6 (rd6) mutant is an autosomal recessive mouse model of retinal degeneration that was first detected by indirect ophthalmoscopy with white spots that were observable as early as 8 weeks of age and exhibited photoreceptor degeneration.

The Mfrp - C1qtnf5 dicistronic message is expressed in the RPE cells and in the ciliary epithelium, as well as the lens, but not in photoreceptors.

Second Sight's retinal prosthesis is currently approved only for patients with inherited retinal disorders (IRD), formerly known as retinitis pigmentosa, a group of genetic diseases characterized by a loss of photoreceptors.

Both unmodified and genetically modified groups were found to have cells that migrated and survived in two distinct locations: (i) as a separate, nearly continuous, subretinal layer lying between the host RPE and photoreceptors, and (ii) as individual cells distributed throughout the neurosensory retina, especially within the inner retinal layers (Figure 5A).

Human neural progenitors survive as two distinct populations within the retina and promote photoreceptor rescue.

As these factors can exert protective effects on retinal neurons [52]--[56] and neurons in other neurodegenerative disease models [49], [57], [58], it seems likely that these substances may contribute to the latent photoreceptor cell survival we observe in the dystrophic retina.

By wirelessly stimulating these photoreceptors, which are able to sense light even though they don't generate vision, scientists can better understand their role in regulating physiological functions such as circadian rhythm, sleep and melatonin secretion.

As a monolayer of cells critical to photoreceptor function and survival, the RPE is an ideally accessible target for cellular therapy.

Photoreceptor outer segments (POS) were isolated from freshly slaughtered porcine eyes using a continuous sucrose gradient as previously described [8], [32].

Importantly, akin to HESC - RPE in vivo, cells at the outside edge of the iPS - RPE cell bolus could phagocytose photoreceptor outer segments from the RCS rat, as indicated by the presence of rhodopsin - positive photoreceptor material within the cellular membrane of iPS - RPE labelled with HSM (Fig. 5E).

These wavelength - sensitive photoreceptors are known as melanopsin - containing ganglion cells.

As given above, the ERG is a nonpainful electrophysiologic test that quantitatively determines the health, or lack thereof, of the retinal photoreceptors.

This condition, also known as Achromatopsia, or color blindness, is characterized by cone photoreceptor dysfunction, severely reduced visual acuity or complete vision loss during daylight hours, and photophobia.

Although this polymorphism was originally suspected as a cause of Photoreceptor Dysplasia (PD) in the Miniature, further research revealed that the polymorphism appears to be benign and has no association with retinal disease — including PD and PRA (unpublished data).

The retina is normal when viewed with an ophthalmoscope, but there is a loss of photoreceptor activity as evidenced by a diminished electroretinogram (ERG).

Although known to have neuronal cell functions STK38L has not previously been associated with abnormal photoreceptor function; being associated with such a disease in dogs establishes this gene as a potential candidate for similar diseases in other species, including man.

A subsequent electroretinography study identified an initial reduction of the cone photoreceptor function which led to the condition being re-classified as a cone - rod dystrophy (CRD), rather than a rod - led PRA, and the disease was termed CORD1 for cone - rod degeneration 1 [36].

The gene product's precise role is not currently understood but it is thought to anchor regulatory complexes at the photoreceptor connecting cilium, which acts as a bridge between the inner and outer segments of photoreceptor cells [43] as well as having functions in disk morphogenesis [42] and in the structure of the ciliary axoneme [44].

Intriguingly, an identical homozygous mutation was identified in a human patient with recessive retinitis pigmentosa, the human equivalent of PRA, and established the novel retinal gene, PRCD, as an important gene for the maintenance of rod photoreceptor structure and function across species.