Since we are whole persons, embodied minds, we do not refer to
ourselves as rationalists, and since we are clearly «socially located» persons, we can not claim that our principles are either fundamental or universal.
Such thinkers are known in the history of Islamic jurisprudence
as rationalists, or men of thought.
I think, however, that the main reason for describing Hartshorne
as a rationalist is (or should be) his view concerning the criteria for philosophically valuable knowledge.
It is to see
him as a rationalist and a defender of freedom who felt constrained, for a variety of reasons, to proceed cautiously to advance the liberal cause, to which he was truly loyal, without generating unnecessary and harmful friction with the existing authorities.
Not exact matches
-- cries that the enthusiasts would presumably dismiss
as the reactions of jaded Western
rationalists.
The transformation of the pragmatic, results - oriented,
rationalist liberalism of John F. Kennedy, first into the New Left and subsequently into postmodern American liberalism, put the imperial autonomous Self at the center of one pole of American public life, where it displaced the notion of the free and virtuous society
as the goal of American democracy.
Charles Hartshorne presents himself and is presented by others
as a strong
rationalist.
You can't argue it with a
rationalist without making a monkey of yourself —
as I am doing at the moment — swinging in the tree.
He described himself
as a Christian
rationalist in the tradition of Logos theology, which he interpreted through an Augustinian lens.
In the stormy sea of modern life, the Humanist (he used to be called the
Rationalist) and the generalised agnostic is
as much tossed on the waves
as we are.
Unlike Rorty and Fish, he neither denies nor affirms the tenets of
rationalist foundationalism, but he has decided that liberal institutions are best defended not in terms of their truth, but
as part of our historical inheritance.
Much
as he criticized radical empiricism and its sterile, truncated rationalism, he was himself too much of a
rationalist in the classic, Aristotelian sense to countenance esoteric or occult mysticism and the depreciation of reason.
The determinative feature of the view of Scripture conveyed in this tradition is found in a seldom articulated «suppressed premise» grounded not so much in exegesis
as in the
rationalist and scholastic tendencies of post-Reformation orthodoxy.
His works,
as those of a heretic, have mostly perished, he has borne the reputation, for 1400 years, of the father of Nestorianism, the Patron of Pelagianism, and the first
rationalist interpreter of the Bible.»
It is neither
rationalist nor relativist, and it is more than merely theist or,
as the conventional jargon of historians puts it, «Deist.»
He insists that I am actually denying, not affirming, the fact of reasonable pluralism,
as Rawls claimed the
rationalist believers do.
Introduction From a purely textual standpoint, there is a sound basis for arguing that Henri Bergson is a
rationalist as much
as an intuitionist.
The earliest
rationalists were known
as Mu «tazilites, and the mystics of Islam are the Sufis.
It is the purpose of this chapter to discuss the interpretations gleaned from the writings of the old schools of Muslims — mystics and
rationalists, including both the theologians and the philosophers — who are not usually regarded by the orthodox school
as strict Muslims, but whose influence on Muslim thought and practical religious life is felt even today.
As an aspiring
rationalist, I wish to be like a leaf blown by the winds of evidence.
The beliefs of the founding generations then, whether Puritan or
rationalist, whether inspired by Moses and Isaiah or by Locke and Montaigne, were conducive to a perspective that saw the American nation
as the chief agent in the unfolding of history.
In Mein Kampf, Hitler wrote neither
as an atheist, an agnostic, nor
as a believer in a remote,
rationalist divinity.
As an empirical
rationalist (i.e., non-spiritual atheist), I can still see plenty of reasons to eschew all established religions and yet still hold on to one's spirituality or belief in some, possibly undefined, higher power.
The defender of asymmetry (who views a present person
as internally related to his past but
as externally related to his future) finds it comical to see Russell attacking
rationalists like Bradley and Hegel because they had little or no use for anything but internal relations.
From a purely textual standpoint, there is a sound basis for arguing that Henri Bergson is a
rationalist as much
as an intuitionist.
The Enlightenment is white, male, European and
rationalist, and is regarded
as a key agent in perpetrating imperialism, colonialism, racism and the exploitation of the natural environment, The Enlightenment view assumes that we can possess knowledge based on publicly recognized fundamental principles that enable us to engage the world
as an object of investigation.
The third scenario would seem to be where the two tendencies continue, each on its own path, in a dynamic but notnecessarily destructive tension, with secular
rationalists seeking to discredit the motives and actions of the Church leadership in the post-Vatican II era, while those who affirm a hermeneutic of continuity urge that the Good News be understood
as primarily concerned with eternal life rather than secular interests.
As such, his God is less vulnerable to the attacks of skeptical
rationalists.
The only knowledge the
Rationalist will admit
as certain is «technical knowledge,» that which can be formulated into rules, principles, directions, maxims, and propositions.
The
Rationalist (the initial capital is Oakeshott's, who
as Himmelfarb observed suggestively spelled «conservative» with a lowercase c) is both skeptical and optimistic: skeptical that there is anything he can not master and optimistic about the possibilities for human progress.
If the terms of our contract have in fact been broken, Christian citizens may be compelled to force the government to return to its original understanding»
as even Enlightenment
rationalists have acknowledged.
It is that in responding to the excesses of contemporary liberalism and progressivism,
as well
as to Rationalism when it appears among conservatives, we ought not to compete on
Rationalist terms,
as if yet another mission statement or manifesto or policy could save us.
As I understand my assignment for this conference, it is to represent a «methodological alternative in process theology» that has been given the name «rationalist» so as to facilitate its distinction from two other such alternatives, the empirical and speculative so - calle
As I understand my assignment for this conference, it is to represent a «methodological alternative in process theology» that has been given the name «
rationalist» so
as to facilitate its distinction from two other such alternatives, the empirical and speculative so - calle
as to facilitate its distinction from two other such alternatives, the empirical and speculative so - called.
On this question the speculative theologian agrees with the
rationalist theologian (within, say, process theology), for one of the deepest commitments of the
rationalist theologian is to generality
as it is revealed in logical thought.
Both downplay Aquinas
as natural - law thinker and
rationalist.
Buber could thus be highly critical of Jewish liberal and
rationalist approaches to culture and politics
as blocking the way back to the founding myths of Jewish religiosity.
Kernan wryly describes himself
as a naive
rationalist:
Now Neville's critique is peculiar in depicting Hartshorne
as a more obvious «
rationalist» than Whitehead (CO 46, 61f, 63f; PS 11: 4), though correctly recognizing Hartshorne's Aristotelian position on universals (CO 57 - 76), which would hardly be expected to overemphasize the efficacy of abstract principles.
From this survey which could be broadened still further to include evangelicals
as diverse
as Carl Henry (a philosophical
rationalist) and Bernard Ramm (a Barthian), Paul Mickey (a process theologian), and James Olthius (a Dooyeweerdian), it should be apparent that there is no one evangelical theological methodology.
In this purified Logic (Henry Adams would have seen it
as another sign of the triumph of the Dynamo over the Virgin), one sees that fear of loss of rational control over the sensible universe that led the seventeenth - century
rationalist Fontenelle to tolerate poetry only
as a social amusement.
When scientists frame human beings
as neural machines, recall the hyper - rational rulers of Laputa in Gulliver's Travels, whose instruments of measurement fail utterly to capture the whole person and turn the
rationalists themselves into twisted souls.
Most atheists are free - thinkers and
rationalists, therefore it follows that they do not believe in anything that may be considered or classified
as supernatural.
The third aspect of this development is that even the secular
rationalist is coming to be seen
as a person like another: not a god, not a superior impersonal intellect, monarch of all it surveys, but a man with a particular point of view.
This function of an idealistic ethical symbol, this affirmation that the moral act is an expression of the love and the will of the universal Spirit, is characteristic of the religious and Christian Ethic, the Ethic of love and of the anxious search for the divine presence, which,
as a result of narrow partisanship or lack of insight, is spurned and vilified today by vulgar
rationalists and intellectualists, by so - called free - thinkers and similar riff - raff who frequent Masonic lodges.
But, uniquely, the
rationalists (
as we use the term) insist — albeit with the same tentativeness that is required by the fallibility of all human reflection — that some of the elements of an adequate philosophical system are properly speaking metaphysical, i.e., they make claims that are said to apply to any possible world because they are thought to be universally and necessarily true.
Empirical, speculative, and rationalistic process thinkers differ, we suspect, on the nature of this dimension of experience, the proper ways of analyzing it, and in their conclusions concerning what can be accomplished by referring to this level of experience While all turn to this depth dimension of life, it is not clear that the «deep empiricism» of the
rationalists, which yields universal and necessary truths, is the same
as that form of «radical empiricism» whose adherents focus on the particular and the contingent.
In contrast, other speculative process thinkers (in addition to the
rationalists whom we shall describe in a moment) hold that «Christian process theology» is a misnomer for much of what is done by their speculative colleagues,
as valuable
as this work may be.
Be that
as it may, the process philosopher who has most fully developed what we are calling the
rationalist standpoint, and who has argued most vigorously for its importance, is Charles Hartshorne.
At the time of the Reformation, the doctrine of the Trinity once again emerged
as a major point of dispute, especially between the mainline reformers and certain evangelical
rationalists among the radicals.
Hippodamus's problem, Aristotle seems to indicate, was that he reasoned in politics
as a kind of mathematician or
rationalist, rather than
as a political scientist.