Sentences with phrase «as small effect sizes»

These differences correspond to an effect size of d = 0.16 and d = 0.15 respectively, which are considered as small effect sizes.

As a small effect size is expected with a universal sample, the size of the pilot trial is 128 mothers.

As small effect size differences were found, further studies are needed to investigate the long - term impact of early unhealthy diet.

Not exact matches

Will certain verification standards have the effect of pushing up a typical, minimum angel investment size, even as the proliferation of accredited crowdfunding platforms is taking angel investing in the opposite direction, i.e., smaller investments per investor per deal, and the spreading of an individual angel's investment capital over a broader portfolio?

«But the general feeling is that anything harmful will have a stronger effect on babies because of their small size — bad substances won't be as diluted as they are in an adult.»

This was a cluster - randomised trial and authors stated they did not make allowance for clustering in the sample size calculation as the cluster effect was expected to be small.

The effects of gravity leaking into such dimensions would be visible only over long distances — explaining why gravity on smaller scales, such as the size of the solar system, behaves as if there are three spatial dimensions.

But Berger and his colleagues argue that these features may simply arise as a side effect of evolving a small size.

Differences in brain size within a species, such as humans, are relatively small, making it difficult to tease out the effects of brain size and the effects of other factors.

And while 100 subjects used to be considered «a huge data set,» she says, with effect sizes as small as they are in schizophrenia, researchers need to look at thousands to «really get a sense what's going on.»

The CDR potential and possible environmental side effects are estimated for various COA deployment scenarios, assuming olivine as the alkalinity source in ice ‐ free coastal waters (about 8.6 % of the global ocean's surface area), with dissolution rates being a function of grain size, ambient seawater temperature, and pH. Our results indicate that for a large ‐ enough olivine deployment of small ‐ enough grain sizes (10 µm), atmospheric CO2 could be reduced by more than 800 GtC by the year 2100.

While these studies suggest beneficial effects, they both studied healthy young adults (in their early 20s1, 2), had very small sample sizes (one study had 10 participants2, the other had 201), and used volunteers as study participants.1, 2 All of these factors decreases the chances that the results can be generalized to all people who engage in exercise.

If it is clear and has a weak Tyndall effect, the particle size is as small as can be made.

Additionally, based on strength and hypertrophy (i.e. muscle thickness and volume) effect - size data, the research suggests that exercises be ordered based on priority of importance as dictated by the training goal of a programme, irrespective of whether the exercise involves a relatively large or small muscle group.

An effect of this size would be so small as to be essentially negligible from the standpoint of public policy; a one - point gain is too little to justify the expense of class - size reduction.

And of this small amount, most is targeted to policymakers and superintendents, and concerns such matters as the effects of class size reduction, charter school attendance, or a merit - pay program for teachers.

«While a handful of SEL programs have been tested and shown to improve children's SEL skills as well as academic, mental health, and behavioral outcomes, the effect sizes are smaller than we would expect,» says Jones.

As per the American Statistical Association's (ASA) recently released «Statement on P - Values,» statistical significance «is not equivalent to scientific, human, or economic significance... Any effect, no matter how tiny, can produce a small p - value [i.e., «statistical significance»] if the sample size or measurement precision is high enough» (p. 10); hence, one must always check for practical significance when making claims about statistical significance, like Kane et al. actually do here, but do here in a similar inflated vein.

Given these small sample sizes, it takes fairly large preschool effects for such effects to be detected as statistically significant.

I summarise PAST experiences (as research focuses on what has happened in the past) and the preponderance of evidence shows that reducing class size DOES INCREASE achievement but the effect is small.

This factor is also referred to as the «small firm effect,» or the «size effect,» where size is based on a company's market capitalization.

Imperfections: Yorkies tend to develop cataracts in their old age, but their small size limits the effects of conditions such as arthritis.

Milk chocolate features much smaller quantities of theobromine, such that the same medium - sized dog would have to consume almost a pound of milk chocolate to get the same effect as an ounce of dark chocolate.

I can feel thermal radiation, I believe CO2 has a measured IR absorption spectrum, I believe a CO2 molecule is not a bottomless pit of energy that can be filled without ever spilling over, and this predictable spilling over is measured from spectrometers on satellites and the ground, therefore there is a CO2 greenhouse effect whose net effect on the climate is of some small and as yet imprecisely known size.

Paper J notes that the anthropogenic effect on sea level rise in one region of the world (the Pacific Ocean) over one period of time (1993 - 2013) is too small to detect at a statistically significant level due to factors such as: a) small sample size (only 20 years), b) the effect of control variables (such as the IPO), c) limitations of satellite altimetry measurement, the technique being used to measure sea level in paper H. Paper K offers a contrasting account of paper J, noting that part of the Pacific sea level rise is anthropogenic.

As with δ13C, there was no effect of mussel size (small vs large) on the mean δ18O (ANOVA, p = 0.091, Fig 2b).

While several investigators have demonstrated that women who receive EC before they need to use it («advance provision») are more likely to use it if unprotected intercourse occurs, there have been no trials in the United States evaluating the impact of pharmacy access on key reproductive health outcomes.4 - 6 Glasier and Baird demonstrated that Scottish women who had an advance supply of EC on hand were almost twice as likely to use the medication if needed; however, the sample size was small and the difference in pregnancy rates between access groups was not statistically significant, making it difficult to draw conclusions about the effect of advance provision on unintended pregnancy rates.7

Effect sizes were calculated using Cohen d34 and applying his guidelines of 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 as cutoffs for small, medium, and large effect sizes, respectEffect sizes were calculated using Cohen d34 and applying his guidelines of 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 as cutoffs for small, medium, and large effect sizes, respecteffect sizes, respectively.

As was the case with the 36 - month follow - up, effect sizes were in the range of small to moderate.

Effect sizes were defined as small, moderate and large based on Cohen's guidelines (0.2, 0.5 and 0.8 thresholds, respectively).

As can be seen from the effect sizes in Table I, at T1, anti-smoking practices were associated mostly with the cons of smoking, perceived social norm and perceived behavior, although effect sizes were small.

For example, as expected, the scales for optimism, self - concept, and satisfaction with life correlated strongly positively with each other, and negatively with sadness and worries, whereas the scales of empathy and prosocial behavior exhibited correlations of small effect size with sadness and worries, and small to moderate ones with optimism, self - concept, and satisfaction with life.

Small size at birth is associated with a range of adverse health outcomes, 1 including poor cognitive development, 2 an effect that is largely unconfounded by features of the family environment, such as socioeconomic status and birth order.

The size of the CfC impacts on most outcomes was small, but can be considered positive relative to what was observed in the early phase of the UK Sure Start evaluation.3 The current results are also comparable in size to those found in the later impact evaluation of the Sure Start programme, in which 3 - year - old children were exposed to mature SSLP throughout their entire lives.4 Reviews of the effectiveness of early childhood interventions have found that most studies reported effect sizes on parenting and child outcomes that were small to moderate.14 15 When comparing CfC and SSLP with other interventions, it is important to remember that the evaluations of these interventions measured effects on an entire population, rather than on programme participants, as is the case in the evaluation of many other interventions.

First, the effect sizes are smaller both in absolute terms and in comparison to effect sizes reported elsewhere — for example, in the UK, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence reported effects of 1.7 for waiting list versus trauma focused psychological therapies and 1.18 for other active interventions for PTSD.1 Second, there are problems with the small number of trials in key areas (for example, TAU / WL n = 5), with the combining of different outcomes from the same study in the meta - analysis and the failure to consider clinical as opposed to statistical significance.

Effect sizes were interpreted as providing «no evidence of effectiveness» if SMD < 0.20, «small» if 0.20 < SMD < 0.40, «moderate» if 0.40 < SMD < 0.75, «large» if > 0.75.

As we note, effect sizes were in the small to moderate range.

It should be noted that even small effect sizes, such as the link between authoritarian control and delinquency can have substantively important consequences.

The agreement between therapist and patient on tasks (t14 = 1.26, P =.22, d = 0.22) and the bond between therapist and patient were rated higher as well (t14 = 1.62, P =.12, d = 0.33), although the difference did not reach statistical significance and the effect sizes were small.

On average, ROE seems to achieve replicable immediate effects, as rated by teachers (mean absolute effect size [ES] =.25), larger effects than those reported in the most comprehensive meta - analysis to date regarding similar programs implemented as smaller - scale models or demonstrations (mean ES =.21) or in routine practice (mean ES =.10)(Wilson et al. 2003; Wilson and Lipsey 2007).

For example, Hampson et al.'s (2001) meta - analysis of interventions found very small effect sizes (mean = − 0.15) interventions on self - management among adolescents with type 1 diabetes compared with greater effects (M = 0.37) on psychosocial outcomes, such as family adjustment.

Note however that the effect size (parameter estimates interpretable as r) was small for both effects and that no interaction effects were found to be significant, indicating that child psychopathology measured at pre-assessment was not related to treatment effectiveness.

The distribution of effect sizes should be shaped as a funnel if no publication bias is present, since the more numerous studies with small sample sizes are expected to show a larger variation in the magnitude of effect sizes than the less numerous studies with large effect sizes.

Effect sizes are reported either as «r equivalent» (Rosenthal and Rubin 2003) for the direct group comparisons (hereafter «r»; small ≥ 0.10, medium ≥ 0.30, large ≥ 0.50; Cohen 1988) or partial eta - squared (ηp 2) for the ANOVA analyses (small ≥ 0.01, medium ≥ 0.06, large ≥ 0.14; Cohen 1988).