Sentences with phrase «as surface temperature observations»

Climate models typically do not use any observational climate data such as surface temperature observations.

So the issues are the same as surface temperature observation versus naive projections of the near - future forcings.

Not exact matches

Materials known to exist at Pluto's surface from ground - based spectroscopic observations include highly volatile cryogenic ices of N2 and CO, along with somewhat less volatile CH4 ice, as well as H2O and C2H6 ices and more complex tholins that are inert at Pluto surface temperatures.

As Bromwich explains on his website, he blended model data and observations «to reconstruct a record of Antarctic near - surface temperature back to 1960»:

The reanalyses are closely tied to the measurements at most locations where observations — such as 2 - meter temperature, T (2m), or surface pressure — are provided and used in the data assimilation.

A lot of the observation based estimates are likely biased low, as outlined in the Ringberg report just due to assumptions of linearity in the evolution of surface temperature in response to some given radiative nudge on the system.

The observations from the Laptev Sea in 2007 indicate that the bottom water temperatures on the mid-shelf increased by more than 3 C compared to the long - term mean as a consequence of the unusually high summertime surface water temperatures.

Elsewhere, the background forecast model plays a stronger role, helping values of surface air temperature to be derived from other types of observation, such as sea - surface temperatures and winds.

Dr Roy Spencer writes: As seen in the following graphic, over the period of the satellite record (1979 - 2012), both the surface and satellite observations produce linear temperature trends which are below... Climate Change Is Real.

The hottest topic in climate research is the observation that global average surface temperature, as well as satellite observations of temperatures in the atmosphere, has shown little or no warming during the 21st century.

The evidence is «equivocal» because it does not agree with limited land based observation of cloud — something that may be a little shortsighted as these changes seem significantly to be associated with sea surface temperature in the tropics and the influences of the northern and southern annular modes.

A main control on atmospheric CO2 appears to be the ocean surface temperature, and remains a possibility that a significant part of the overall increase of atmospheric CO2 since at least 1958 (start of Mauna Loa observations) simply relflects the gradual warming of the oceans as a result of the prolonged period of high solar activity since 1920 (Solanki et al., 2004).

the 1.5 to 2 m observations of minimum temperatures that are used as part of the analysis to assess climate system heat changes (e.g., such as used to construct Figure SPM - 3 of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [2007] and of Parker [2004, 2006] study) lead to a greater long term temperature trend than would be found if higher heights within the surface boundary layer were used.

The synoptic surface atmospheric observations assimilated by ERA - Interm are reported as dewpoints and the synoptic message that contains the dew points also reports temperature and surface pressure, whose values are needed to compute other humidity variables.

One dynamically downscaled IPCC simulation (WRF - MPI - ECHAM5) has a robust representation of Pacific sea surface temperature variability in the future projection period up to 2040, but the relationship to enhancement of precipitation extremes is not as clear as in observations.

MM04 failed to acknowledge other independent data supporting the instrumental thermometer - based land surface temperature observations, such as satellite - derived temperature trend estimates over land areas in the Northern Hemisphere (Intergovernmental Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report, Chapter 2, Box 2.1, p. 106) that can not conceivably be subject to the non-climatic sources of bias considered by them.

As is widely known, global mean surface temperature (GMST) has not increased over the past 13 - plus years, contributing to a growing divergence between global warming predictions and observations.

Since then there are a number of papers published on why the warming was statistically insignificant including a recent one by Richardson et al. 2016 which tries to explain that the models were projecting a global tas (temperature air surface) but the actual observations are a combination of tas (land) and SST oceans, meaning projected warming shouldn't be as much as projected.

As others have noted, the IPCC Team has gone absolutely feral about Salby's research and the most recent paper by Dr Roy Spencer, at the University of Alabama (On the Misdiagnosis of Surface Temperature Feedbacks from Variations in Earth's Radiant Energy Balance), for one simple reason: both are based on empirical, undoctored satellite observations, which, depending on the measure required, now extend into the past by up to 32 years, i.e. long enough to begin evaluating real climate trends; whereas much of the Team's science in AR4 (2007) is based on primitive climate models generated from primitive and potentially unreliable land measurements and proxies, which have been «filtered» to achieve certain artificial realities (There are other more scathing descriptions of this process I won't use).

The black curve represents surface temperature, and the colored curves represent the temperature of the lower to mid-troposphere as inferred from MSU measurements (red) and radiosonde observations (green).

However, the observations show that both surface temperatures as well as ocean heat content started to increase (during the 1970's and 80's) long after solar activity had reached its plateau (during the 1950's).

This point was also made by Schmidt et al. (2014), which additionally showed that incorporating the most recent estimates of aerosol, solar, and greenhouse gas forcings, as well as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and temperature measurement biases, the discrepancy between average GCM global surface warming projections and observations is significantly reduced.

Some observations, such as sea surface temperatures, are of little value until perhaps the 1950's.

Also of note is that the satellite network is limited to clear - sky observations and the surface anomalies may not be the same as the 2 - m air temperature anomalies.

The model badly fails to match the surface and atmosphere temperature observations, both globally, regionally, as presented in six graphs.

Second, orbital instrumental observations provide only a recent record of land surface area temperature assessment, and the methods involved had to be calibrated against the prevailing standards of proximal thermometric determination, the widely - ranged system of meteorological thermometers in these United States providing (as others here have observed) a sort of «gold standard» in terms of technology, maintenance, and reliability as compared with similar broadly spaced systems of monitoring stations.

However, a confident assessment of human influence on hurricanes will require further studies using models and observations, with emphasis on distinguishing natural from human - induced changes in hurricane activity through their influence on factors such as historical sea surface temperatures, wind shear, and atmospheric vertical stability.

This scenario is actually more in line with recent — past 100,000 years — geological history, which has mostly been Ice Age, and planetary observations, which show the surface temperatures of Mars and Venus have recently risen at about the same rate as Earth's.

As expected, the ability of the model to simulate observed changes in global surface temperature after 1998 improves as less reliable observations from the early portion of the sample period are eliminated from the estimation sample (Fig. 2As expected, the ability of the model to simulate observed changes in global surface temperature after 1998 improves as less reliable observations from the early portion of the sample period are eliminated from the estimation sample (Fig. 2as less reliable observations from the early portion of the sample period are eliminated from the estimation sample (Fig. 2).

As indicated in Fig. 2, the model simulation for global surface temperature is consistent with observations.

It is the first such period for which satellite observations of key variables including sea - surface temperature and sea - ice cover are available to support globally complete meteorological reanalyses such as ERA - Interim.

«The assessment is supported additionally by a complementary analysis in which the parameters of an Earth System Model of Intermediate Complexity (EMIC) were constrained using observations of near - surface temperature and ocean heat content, as well as prior information on the magnitudes of forcings, and which concluded that GHGs have caused 0.6 °C to 1.1 °C (5 to 95 % uncertainty) warming since the mid-20th century (Huber and Knutti, 2011); an analysis by Wigley and Santer (2013), who used an energy balance model and RF and climate sensitivity estimates from AR4, and they concluded that there was about a 93 % chance that GHGs caused a warming greater than observed over the 1950 — 2005 period; and earlier detection and attribution studies assessed in the AR4 (Hegerl et al., 2007b).»

Cowtan and Way developed a methodology which relied on other limited sources of temperature information from the Arctic (such as floating buoys and satellite observations) to try to make an estimate of how the surface temperature was behaving in regions lacking more traditional temperature observations (the authors released an informative video explaining their research which may better help you understand what they did).

We blended surface meteorological observations, remotely sensed (TRMM and NDVI) data, physiographic indices, and regression techniques to produce gridded maps of annual mean precipitation and temperature, as well as parameters for site - specific, daily weather generation for any location in Yemen.

The temperature data that comprise Australia's long - term climate record are known as ACORN - SAT (Australian Climate Observations Reference Network — Surface Air Tetemperature data that comprise Australia's long - term climate record are known as ACORN - SAT (Australian Climate Observations Reference Network — Surface Air TemperatureTemperature).

There are some other observations that the GCR hypothesis is a very long way from explaining, eg the temperature trend profile as you move from surface to stratosphere.

Whilst bearing in mind that ~ 70 % of global insolation strikes ocean surface and ocean «thermal capacity» (Cp) is greater than land Cp, ocean Cp can be seen to provide energy to land Cp where land surface temperatures are low (as can be seen from diurnal atmospheric observations between land and ocean surfaces).

That's not what the data shows - Vose et al 2005; «Minimum temperature increased about twice as fast as maximum temperature over global land areas since 1950, resulting in a broad decline in the diurnal temperature range...», and Zhou et al 2009; «Observations show that the surface diurnal temperature range (DTR) has decreased since 1950s over most global land areas...» would disagree.

(Left) Sea surface temperature averaged over the North Atlantic (75 - 7.5 W, 0 - 60N), in the HADGEM2 - ES model (ensemble mean red; standard deviation yellow) compared with observations (black), as discussed in Booth et al 2012.