Sentences with phrase «as temperatures over land»

Not exact matches

As a result, avian temperature responses generally involve moving up or down in elevation rather than stretching or shrinking their ranges over land.

Terrestrial ecosystems have encountered substantial warming over the past century, with temperatures increasing about twice as rapidly over land as over the oceans.

They found that the business - as - usual scenario comes with large climate changes the world over and would create entirely new patterns of temperature and precipitation for 12 to 39 percent of Earth's land area.

Using updated and corrected temperature observations taken at thousands of weather observing stations over land and as many commercial ships and buoys at sea, the researchers show that temperatures in the 21st century did not plateau, as thought.

Whilst it's natural to start with air temperatures, a more thorough examination should be as inclusive as possible; snow cover, ice melt, air temperatures over land and sea, even the sea temperatures themselves.

However, for the globe as a whole, surface air temperatures over land have risen at about double the ocean rate after 1979 (more than 0.27 °C per decade vs. 0.13 °C per decade), with the greatest warming during winter (December to February) and spring (March to May) in the Northern Hemisphere.

The Nature article comes as climate scientists published what they said today was the «best ever» collection of evidence for global warming, including temperature over land, at sea and in the higher atmosphere, along with records of humidity, sea - level rise, and melting ice.

The former is likely to overestimate the true global surface air temperature trend (since the oceans do not warm as fast as the land), while the latter may underestimate the true trend, since the air temperature over the ocean is predicted to rise at a slightly higher rate than the ocean temperature.

Temperature changes relative to the corresponding average for 1901 - 1950 (°C) from decade to decade from 1906 to 2005 over the Earth's continents, as well as the entire globe, global land area and the global ocean (lower graphs).

With higher precipitation, portions of this snow may not melt during the summer and so glacial ice can form at lower altitudes and more southerly latitudes, reducing the temperatures over land by increased albedo as noted above.

There are some various proposed mechanisms to explain this that involve the surface energy balance (e.g., less coupling between the ground temperature and lower air temperature over land because of less potential for evaporation), and also lapse rate differences over ocean and land (see Joshi et al 2008, Climate Dynamics), as well as vegetation or cloud changes.

Here we show that, globally, temperatures over land have risen as much on windy nights as on calm nights, indicating that the observed overall warming is not a consequence of urban development.

---- It would actually be really interesting to see a series of plots that show how the datasets of measured sea and land temperatures have evolved over time as they have been improved with adjustments such as this.

«The combined average temperature over global land and ocean surfaces tied with 2010 as the highest on record for April, at 58.09 °F (14.47 °C) or 1.39 °F (0.77 °C) above the 20th century average.»

Now since relative humidity remains roughly constant at the ocean surface and the air's capacity to hold water increases with temperature, relative humidity will actually decrease over land, particularly as one enters the continental interiors.

The former is likely to overestimate the true global surface air temperature trend (since the oceans do not warm as fast as the land), while the latter may underestimate the true trend, since the air temperature over the ocean is predicted to rise at a slightly higher rate than the ocean temperature.

Seems to me the debate about AGHG global warming and increasing TC frequency / intensity / duration boils down to the fact that as sea surface temperatures, as well as deeper water temperatures rise, the wallop of any TC over warmer seas without mitigating circumstances like wind sheer and dry air off land masses entrained in the cyclone will likely be much more devastating.

As far as I am aware, temperatures of the atmosphere close to the surface, rather than the actual surface, are usually measured over land, unless measured remotely by satellites, in which case the temperature of the material overlaying the Earth's surface is measured, rarely the surface itselAs far as I am aware, temperatures of the atmosphere close to the surface, rather than the actual surface, are usually measured over land, unless measured remotely by satellites, in which case the temperature of the material overlaying the Earth's surface is measured, rarely the surface itselas I am aware, temperatures of the atmosphere close to the surface, rather than the actual surface, are usually measured over land, unless measured remotely by satellites, in which case the temperature of the material overlaying the Earth's surface is measured, rarely the surface itself.

Verify using data collected only over the 1/3 of the planet that is covered with land strikes me as odd, particularly because we expect the land temperatures to rise faster than ocean temperatures.

Notably, by studying the clouds over a limited region of the atmosphere over the eastern Pacific Ocean, as well as over nearby land masses, the team at the university's International Pacific Research Centre have declared themselves firmly in the latter camp, warning that, as temperatures continue to creep steadily upwards over the next 100 years, cloud cover will become thinner and more - sparse, thereby serving to exacerbate the problem.

Latent heat flux at the land surface varies with soil moisture — drought condition result in an apparent increase in surface temperature — such as over this century and in 2016.

From his blog, post # 11: «if you fix the temperature, as over the ocean here, you have to let the flux adjust to be consistent with that temperature — if you fix the flux (which is effectively zero over land) you have to let the temperature adjust to be consistent with that flux.»

MM04 failed to acknowledge other independent data supporting the instrumental thermometer - based land surface temperature observations, such as satellite - derived temperature trend estimates over land areas in the Northern Hemisphere (Intergovernmental Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report, Chapter 2, Box 2.1, p. 106) that can not conceivably be subject to the non-climatic sources of bias considered by them.

95 % confidence that 50 % of the warming since 1951 is due to some form of human activity is not likely to be falsified using «Global» surface temperature since about 30 % of the warming is over land and GISS interprets high latitude and higher altitude warming as «surface» warming.

-- Increased urbanization and land use changes since WWII as a possible partial cause of warming of global surface temperature over land.

This may be me advertising my ignorance but if the OHC is of interest as against the SST why do we use a parameter of «global temperature» which is an amalgam of SST and air temperature over land rather than a total heat content or a temperature normalised say for mass or thermal density (normalise to the properties of water say)?

Average air temperature over the land and sea surface was 0.56 degrees Celsius above the long - term average, tied with 2010 as the joint warmest year on record.

Deriving a reliable global temperature from the instrument data is not easy because the instruments are not evenly distributed across the planet, the hardware and observing locations have changed over the years, and there has been extensive land use change (such as urbanization) around some of the sites.

From that link's words, the DMI «green line» IS the best way to consistently compare the daily estimate of NORTH areas of the arctic — those areas north of 70 latitude to 83 north latitude NASA - GISS extrapolates «surface» ground - based temperatures as far as 1200 km from where their land - based measurements were made from 60 - 70 latitude over the ever - greening (and darker) tundra and forests OUT to the open sea where where the arctic sea ice actually is present.

However, over long time periods, the variation of the global average temperature with CO2 concentration depends on various factors such as the placement of the continents on Earth, the functionality of ocean currents, the past history of the climate, the orientation of the Earth's orbit relative to the Sun, the luminosity of the Sun, the presence of aerosols in the atmosphere, volcanic action, land clearing, biological evolution, etc..

It is that the actual real rise in inducted Land surface KE, as is the total KE «systemic additions» actually made over the past 400 years, are much higher than is noted by simple measure of temperature (in the cumulative manner these additions are really produced).

Land temperatures themselves are of interest, but as far as I know the only widespread measurements of them have started over the last decade, a period too short to do much trend analysis.

«In our mor recent global model simulations the ocean heat - uptake is slower than previously estimated, the ocean uptake of carbon is weaker, feedbacks from the land system as temperature rises are stronger, cumulative emissions of greenhouse gases over the century are higher, and offsetting cooling from aerosol emissions is lower.

Mears and others said that the satellite measurements should not be taken seriously because they only infer the temperature from measurements of radio emissions by Oxygen molecules - AND - that these final numbers never match actual temperature measurements made over land and water (ground stations as well as radiosonde).

Over the oceans as well as on land, the average global temperature for the 12 - month period that began last December was 14.65 ˚C.

As can be seen from the curve below, the HadCRUT3 «globally and annually averaged land and sea surface temperature anomaly» shows slight (if statistically insignificant) cooling over the past 15 years (180 months).

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I don't mean to step on Michael Tobis» toes, but the level of CO2 has always so far as the various ice core and like data strongly suggest (above 99.5 % with consilience) been seasonally variable over land due to interaction of plants and temperature as proven by NH / SH trends, just as it is diurnally variable due to photosynthesis.

No such complete meta - data are available, so in this analysis the same value for urbanisation uncertainty is used as in the previous analysis [Folland et al., GRL 2001]; that is, a 1 sigma value of 0.0055 deg C / decade, starting in 1900... The same value is used over the whole land surface, and it is one - sided: recent temperatures may be too high due to urbanisation, but they will not be too low.

Surface temperature is as measured by weather stations on land, SST over ocean.

If this is the best such land area surface temperature assessment system on the planet (covering, as well, a broad range of metropolitan, suburban, and rural areas), and the quality of the system is now proven to be demonstrably more prone to error than had been previously assumed — with the preponderance of error shown to produce the impression of warming in excess of real conditions prevailing — what may be reliably inferred about surface temperature monitoring systems data from even less reliable thermometers all over the rest of the world?

As noted above, Cowtan and Way (followed by Hausfather) combined CMIP5 models for TAS over land and TOS over ocean, for their comparison to HadCRUT4 and similar temperature data.

A recent analysis of a number of different proxy temperature records suggests that Northern Hemisphere decadal - scale averages over land may have been as much as approximately 0.2 — 0.4 °C above the 1850 — 2006 mean from roughly 950 — 1150 AD (32).

The same should be true for climate change we should evaluate the changes in temperature (not anomalies) over time at the same stations and present the data as a spaghetti graph showing any differing trends and not assume that regional or climates in gridded areas are the same — which they are not as is obvious from the climate zones that exist or microclimates due to changes in precipitation, land use etc..

As a result, only 1 out of 7 Global or Land / Ocean (ie, global less polar regions) temperature indices shows a negative trend over that period (HadCRUT4 -0.002 + / - 0.059 C / decade).

Surface temperature varies with water availability as a result of changing lapse rates over land.

Land use changes as well as deterioration of urban siting versus NOAA standards [http://www.surfacestations.org/] have resulted in a bias toward over - reporting / erroneous reporting of high temperature records and an under - reporting of low temperature records.»

Theoretically it should be and it looks like that way, as an increase (1998 El Niño) or decrease (1992 Pinatubo) in temperature has about the same effect in opposite direction, and the ~ 1 °C wobble in temperature over the seasons (due to the difference in land area between the NH and SH) also shows a similar effect.

However, for changes over time, only anomalies, as departures from a climatology, are used, most commonly based on the area - weighted global average of the sea surface temperature anomaly and land surface air temperature anomaly.

The SST was largely irrelevant in these scenarios, as the small change in ocean temperature pales in comparison to the large change in atmospheric temperature over the land in the central US.