Depletion of a normal gut microbiome in early life, especially during the post-weaning period, may affect cognitive and social behaviours in the brain through the alteration of neuropeptides (chemical messengers) such
as vasopressin and oxytocin (19,20).
At the same time, your kidneys pump up their production of an enzyme called «renin» and a hormone called «aldosterone», which results in formation of a substance known
as vasopressin.
Endowed with the power to control the activity of other genes, GTF2I might regulate signal pathways determining the structure and function of the brain or the production of neurohormones such
as vasopressin and oxytoxin.
The answer may lie, at least in part, in the way the brain responds to a hormone known
as vasopressin, according to a study in today's issue of Nature.
Not exact matches
A similar trend likely exists in human fathers, to the point some researchers think elevated levels of
vasopressin in dads helps explain why they tend to be more tactile and stimulatory with infants
as opposed to soothing and comforting (
as is more typical with moms).
And, yes, women have
vasopressin receptors, too, but for reasons that remain unknown it doesn't seem to influence their behavior
as much, Starr says.
If your
Vasopressin receptors are too short, you don't receive the amount of
Vasopressin needed to maintain a relationship
as outside temptations come in.
So does
vasopressin, but it also drives less cosy aspects of social behaviour, such
as aggression.
Vasopressin is best known for its role
as a controller of the kidney; oxytocin helps the breast to expel milk and is involved in labour.
Tony and his clientele admit to taking stronger «smart drugs» than those he's selling tonight, drugs such
as piracetam (which supposedly boosts levels of acetylcholine in the brain), hydergine and propanolol (both said to work by increasing blood flow through the brain), L - Dopa (a chemical precursor of the neurotransmitter dopamine), phenytoin,
vasopressin, deprenyl, the list seems almost endless.
Norepinephrine is currently recommended
as the first - line vasopressor (an agent that produces vasoconstriction and a rise in blood pressure) in septic shock; however, early
vasopressin use has been proposed
as an alternative.
In particular, they examined different forms of the promoter region of the
vasopressin V1a receptor gene (AVPRIA), known
as DupA and DupB.
It also has a homolog in humans, known
as arginine
vasopressin.
Arginine
vasopressin (AVP), also known
as argipressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a human hormone that is mainly released when the body is low on water; it causes the kidneys to conserve water by concentrating the urine.
In their experiments, Andermann and Lowell watched
as the activity of
vasopressin - releasing neuron rapidly decreased — within seconds — when water was presented to water - restricted rodents, before they even drank it.
A few studies have suggested that CA2 might be involved in social memory,
as this region has a high level of expression of a receptor for
vasopressin, a hormone linked to sexual motivation, bonding, and other social behaviors.
His research has revealed that brain chemicals such
as oxytocin and
vasopressin regulate the neural processing of social information and promote the formation of social bonds by acting in specific neural pathways.
As a postdoctoral fellow in Dr. Cori Bargmann's lab at the Rockefeller University, she showed that the nematode C. elegans produces a neuropeptide that is an evolutionary precursor of the mammalian peptides
vasopressin and oxytocin, and mapped a neural circuit by which this molecule, nematocin, modulates mating behavior.
We are also characterizing the neural circuits through which vasotocin, the ancestral homologue of
vasopressin, promotes context - dependent social withdrawal in male goldfish,
as well
as the receptor mechanisms that underlie its ability to have different behavioral effects in different social contexts.
These studies have indicated that,
as in other vertebrates,
vasopressin's social effects in humans are sex - specific and differ
as a function of social context.
We can measure it in brain chemicals such
as serotonin, oxytocin,
vasopressin, and dopamine.
Among these systems, hypothalamo - neurohypophyseal magnocellular neurons have been early - considered models,
as they typically display an electrical activity consisting of bursts of action potentials that is optimal for the release of boluses of the neurohormones oxytocin and
vasopressin.
I conclude
as a layman that this is an effect in normalising
vasopressin secretion.
However, in love,
as attachment and bonding take place a cocktail of chemicals are released which include the calming effects of serotonin, and the bonding hormones oxytocin and
vasopressin.
Neuroscientists, such
as Andreas Bartels of University College London, have determined that the brain - produced hormones oxytocin and
vasopressin are real - life Love Potion No. 9s, leading to bonds between certain individuals.
Interestingly enough, men don't just secrete oxytocin after an orgasm; they secrete
vasopressin as well.