Moreover, within the framework of many IIAs, the age - old issue of sovereign immunity may be circumvented
as waivers of immunity are often expressly agreed in the IIA itself.
Not exact matches
There are exceptions to the public duty doctrine,
as well
as other
waivers of sovereign
immunity that allow the state to be sued in the event
of an injury.
The agreement
of the parties that the issue
of state or sovereign
immunity is a question
of procedural law in itself is sufficient to defeat the argument put by Counsel for the KRG that this Court should not decide issues
of such
immunity, whether
as to its existence
as a doctrine in the UAE and the DIFC, or its ambit or extent, (whether absolute or restrictive) or any issues
of waiver.
Moreover, the 2004 UN Convention on Jurisdictional
Immunities of States and their Property, to which neither the UAE, nor Iraq or the FRI are party, represents current international thinking at the time
of the Contract and now, provides that
waiver of suit and execution can be effective in a written contract
as well
as a submission in the face
of the court.
The Court's own reasoning appears at paragraph 392 where it is said that the rationale
of immunity remains the par in parem principle and that «the common law rule
as to
waiver is consonant with elementary good sense by requiring an unequivocal submission to the jurisdiction
of the forum state at the time when the forum's state's jurisdiction is invoked against the impleaded state.
Time will tell if the KRG behaves
as it should in accepting such service, without recourse to Article 10 in the light
of the
waiver of immunity which I have found to be fully effective.
The submission that the issues which arise here were matters for the Executive or Legislature under Article 120
of the UAE Constitution because they concerned foreign affairs and questions
of public policy (ordre public) or a matter for the UAE Supreme Court if there was any serious issue / doubt under the Constitution
as to the organ which should determine such questions, falls away once it is seen that
waiver of immunity is a question to be determined by the judiciary
as part
of the contractual and procedural law
of the DIFC.
Like the enforcement
of a judgment, the enforcement
of an Award
as a result
of a
waiver of immunity is based on consensual obligations undertaken in a commercial contractual context.
In my judgment, there is no way
of escaping the width
of the
waiver provisions, which specifically refer to the assets
of the KRG and,
as is accepted,
of the KRI also, and can only be taken therefore to include a
waiver of immunity from execution
as well
as suit.
Moreover, the
waiver of immunity contended for was an implied
waiver, said to arise from the arbitration agreement itself where it was agreed that the Award was to be «binding on the parties» and included a provision that the parties undertook «to carry out any Award without delay and should be deemed to have waived their right to any form or recourse insofar
as such
waiver can validly be made».
It was held that the agreement
of the parties that the issue
of state or sovereign
immunity is a question
of procedural law in itself was sufficient to defeat the argument put by Counsel for the KRG that this Court should not decide issues
of such
immunity, whether
as to its existence
as a doctrine in the UAE and the DIFC, or its ambit or extent, (whether absolute or restrictive) or any issues
of waiver.
As I have decided in favour
of the Claimants on the
waiver of any sovereign or state
immunity, that is a point which has now gone and had I determined that alternative service was permissible, the setting aside
of the orders for non - disclosure would lack any utility.
No provision
of this section, or
of any other section
of the Florida Statutes, whether read separately or in conjunction with any other provision, shall be construed to waive the
immunity of the state or any
of its agencies from suit in federal court,
as such
immunity is guaranteed by the Eleventh Amendment to the Constitution
of the United States, unless such
waiver is explicitly and definitely stated to be a
waiver of the
immunity of the state and its agencies from suit in federal court.