Sentences with phrase «associated differences in income»

Finally, we report the results of models with and without adjusting for differences in parental income to show to what extent the estimated relationships between each of the factors and educational attainment might reflect associated differences in income.

Not exact matches

Another study of 2,900 Australian infants assessed at ages 1, 2 3, 5, 8, 10, and 14 years found that infants breastfed for 6 months or longer, had lower externalizing, internalizing, and total behaviour problem scores throughout childhood and into adolescence than never breastfed and infants fed for less than 6 months.8 These differences remained after statistical control for the presence of both biological parents in the home, low income and other factors associated with poor mental health.

Hansen and her colleagues Erin E. George, assistant professor of economics at Hood College, and Julie Lyn Routzahn, associate professor of economics and business administration at McDaniel College, measured the difference in men's and women's responses to questions about their attitudes towards borrowing money for luxury purchases and towards covering living expenses when income is cut.

Experimental designs involving the manipulation of family incomes are better suited to establishing causal associations between household income and well ‑ being in children because differences in income are not associated with child or parent characteristics.

Analyses indicated that the off - line venues in which respondents met their spouse also were associated with different levels of marital satisfaction [F (9, 12,252) = 5.65, P < 0.001], and these differences remained significant when adjusting for year of marriage, sex, age, educational background, household income, ethnicity, religious affiliation, and employment status as covariates [F (9, 11,466) = 3.87, P < 0.001].

For example, compared to older mothers, teen mothers display lower levels of verbal stimulation and involvement, higher levels of intrusiveness, and maternal speech that is less varied and complex.47, 48 Mothers with fewer years of education read to their children less frequently25, 49 and demonstrate less sophisticated language and literacy skills themselves, 50 which affects the quantity and quality of their verbal interactions with their children.2 Parental education, in turn, relates to household income: poverty and persistent poverty are strongly associated with less stimulating home environments, 51 and parents living in poverty have children who are at risk for cognitive, academic, and social - emotional difficulties.52, 53 Finally, Hispanic and African American mothers are, on average, less likely to read to their children than White, non-Hispanic mothers; 54 and Spanish - speaking Hispanic families have fewer children's books available in the home as compared to their non-Hispanic counterparts.25 These racial and ethnic findings are likely explained by differences in family resources across groups, as minority status is often associated with various social - demographic risks.