Not exact matches
Snowfall varies across the region, comprising less than 10 % of total
precipitation in the south, to more than half in the north, with as much as two inches of water available in the snowpack at the beginning of spring melt in the northern reaches of the river basins.81 When this amount of snowmelt is combined with heavy rainfall, the resulting flooding can be widespread and catastrophic (see «Cedar Rapids: A Tale of Vulnerability and Response»).82 Historical observations indicate declines in the
frequency of high magnitude snowfall years over much of the Midwest, 83 but an increase in lake effect snowfall.61 These divergent trends and their inverse relationships with air temperatures make overall projections of regional impacts of the
associated snowmelt extremely difficult.
There are also multiple studies
associating extreme
precipitation events with waterborne disease outbreaks.59 This evidence of responsiveness of waterborne disease to weather and climate, combined with evidence strongly suggesting that temperatures will increase and extreme
precipitation events will increase in
frequency and severity (Ch.
There are multiple studies
associating extreme
precipitation events with waterborne disease outbreaks and strong climatological evidence for increasing
frequency and intensity of extreme
precipitation events in the future.
For example, the Climate and Health Assessment found that «rising temperatures, changing
precipitation patterns, and a higher
frequency of some extreme weather events
associated with climate change will influence the distribution, abundance, and prevalence» of some vectors like the mosquitos that carry the West Nile virus.
The authors also find that anticipated changes in sub-daily
precipitation associated with a warming climate will «significantly affect the magnitude and
frequency of urban and rural flash floods.»
Correlation (color) and regression maps (contour) of SST (left) and SLP (right)
associated with the first EOF modes of annual
precipitation (a, b), low -
frequency precipitation (c, d), and total water storage (e, f), which are calculated using annual mean data for the first EOF mode of annual
precipitation, 10 - year running mean for
precipitation, and 10 - year running mean leading with 5 - year for total water storage.
From an observational perspective then, key issues are the tropical storm formation regions, the
frequency, intensity, duration and tracks of tropical storms, and
associated precipitation.