The amount of light shining out
at a particular wavelength depends on whether the electron beam enters at a point where there should be a dark or a bright spot for that wavelength.
Because physicists know the precise amount of energy needed to create an ion like iron - XII, they can tell how hot different parts of the corona are by looking
at the particular wavelengths of light the ions emit.
To detect uranium and thorium, Frebel could measure the strength of their absorption lines in a spectrum — in other words, calculate how much light each element
absorbs at a particular wavelength.
A beam tightly focused by a telescope could greatly outshine a planet's host
star at a particular wavelength, Townes realized, popping out as clearly as a red laser pointer aimed at someone from across a stadium flooded with white lights.
Since different elements and compounds absorb light at characteristic wavelengths, astronomers can determine what chemicals make up a planet's atmosphere by measuring the relative amounts of light that come
in at particular wavelengths.
Microwave radiometry data are used to construct brightness temperatures: an indication of the intensity of electromagnetic
energy at a particular wavelength that filters up through the atmosphere and reaches the satellite's sensor.