Sentences with phrase «at a unit optical»

So the surface is warmer than the air immediately above it, with T ^ 4 larger by the same amount as it is smaller at a unit optical depth above the surface.

... the intensity will thus be the blackbody intensity for the temperature found at unit optical depth distance from the point of view.

Not exact matches

A research group led by Junichi Isoya, professor emeritus, University of Tsukuba and Tokuyuki Teraji, principal researcher, Optical and Electronic Materials Unit, NIMS, has successfully fabricated for the first time in the world single - photon sources of SiV (silicon vacancy) centers — one of the color centers in diamond during the growth of thin film diamond, which have high purity and crystalline quality — by introducing them at extremely low concentrations.

Dr. Sigita Augustinaite, a researcher in the Optical Neuroimaging Unit at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, suggested one mechanism explaining how neurons help the network function.

Out of the 44 stars, 33 are new stars added to the initial, previously published survey of 42 stars performed at CHARA with the fiber linked unit for optical recombiation (FLUOR).

A band with optical thickess per unit gas decaying exponentially away from a peak: Assuming the peak is saturated at some level within the atmopshere and there are no other absorbers in the same band of wavelengths above that level, increasing the concentration of that gas will result in at least an instantaneous cooling forcing of the layer above (not necessarily all of the layer, but the instantaneous forcing on the layer as a whole will be negative).

It's not really the top of the whole atmosphere that shifts to higher altitudes, but the region of bulk emission to space which we can locate at one unit optical depth below the optical depth of the whole atmosphere (looking down from space).

The shape of the CO2 absorption band, in terms of CSD per unit CO2 concentration, can be approximated as having a peak at some frequency (designated ν0) or wavelength (about 15 microns for CO2) with, on each side of that peak, a halving of that optical thickness for each amount BW1 or BW2 that one moves away from the center (toward lower or higher frequency, respectively)

Including emission along a path (Schwarzchild's equation), a flux will approach saturation as the optical thickness becomes large over scales where the temperature variation is small; at smaller optical thicknesses, the temperature distribution may vary and larger temperature variations make the nonlinearity of the Planck function important, but over short distances, the temperature variation can be approximated as linear and the associated Planck function values can be approximated as linearly proportional to distance for small temperature changes, so the flux will approach an asymptotic value as a hyperbolic function (the difference between the flux and the saturation value of the flux will be proportional to 1 / optical thickness per unit distance (assuming isotropic optical properties (or even somewhat anisotropic properties), it will have that proportionality for all directions and thus for the whole flux across an area).

Re 423 Chris G — whether the effect saturates at a given density depends on the way the temperature is distributed; if the temperature from TOA downward is isothermal for a sufficient thickness, than the effect could be saturated at TOA (if starting from a large enough optical thickness per unit atmospheric mass path, a change in the density of the gas / etc that contributes optical thickness would then have little to no effect on the flux at TOA, which is what is meant by saturation.

But when optical thickness gets to a significant value (such that the overall spatial temperature variation occurs on a spatial scale comparable to a unit of optical thickness), each successive increment tends to have a smaller effect — when optical thickness is very large relative to the spatial scale of temperature variation, the flux at some location approaches the blackbody value for the temperature at that location, because the distances photons can travel from where they are emitted becomes so small that everything «within view» becomes nearly isothermal.

(CO2 is saturated at the tropopause level in the central portion of it's dominant (for Earth) band (centered near 15 microns), but the optical thickness per unit CO2 declines away from the center in such a way that the width of the band exceeding a given optical thickness tends to widen by some amount with each doubling; it is this shifting of the «edges» of the band where adding more CO2 has an effect.)

A sharp change in lapse rate will (absent sharp changes in optical thickness per unit distance, which occurs at TOA and at the surface even in wavelength bands dominated by well - mixed gases) tend to differ from radiative equilibrium — the inflection point may correspond to a maximum deviation from radiative equilibrium if the radiative equilibrium profile has some intermediate lapse rate in that vicinity.

In the tugging on the temperature profile (by net radiant heating / cooling resulting from radiative disequilibrium at single wavelengths) by the absorption (and emission) by different bands, the larger - scale aspects of the temperature profile will tend to be shaped more by the bands with moderate amounts of absorption, while finer - scale variations will be more influenced by bands with larger optical thicknesses per unit distance (where there can be significant emission and absorption by a thinner layer).

Radiation transfers heat across different scales at different optical thicknesses for different frequencies; the net radiant flux depends more on temperature variations that occur over distances on the order of a unit of optical thickness, so the net flux can be through smaller - scale temperature variations.

The primary camera at the rear is a single 12 - megapixel UltraPixel 3 unit with large 1.4 um pixels, an f / 1.7 aperture lens, UltraSpeed autofocus, and optical image stabilization.

At the back of the unit is a small input panel, with an impressive number of ports for the price, including a digital optical input, an analog 3.5 mm input, an ARC - HDMI connection for compatible TVs, and 3 HDMI inputs for additional source components.

That means the secondary unit allows the iPhone 7 Plus to give users up to 2x optical zoom functionality, without any ugly hump at the back.