What's next: Weber and Gao and their colleagues hope to apply the work to more complex materials to look at how trapped electrons affect the way defects move and interact with each other when the material is exposed to more than one blast of radiation over longer times in much larger systems and
at higher levels of radiation.
Not exact matches
Researchers blasted rats with full - body doses
of RF
radiation (mostly
at higher levels than those associated with cell phones) from the time they were born until they were two years old for nine hours a day.
The
level of radiation found in stream sediments
at the disposal sites was about 650 times
higher than
radiation in upstream sediments.
Levels detected in a short duration pulse
at the plant itself have reached as
high as 8,217 microSieverts per hour, or eight times the dose endured in a typical CT scan and four times the normal dose
of background
radiation in a year.
Astrobiologists, who will be presenting their work
at the European Planetary Science Congress (EPSC) 2013 in London on Monday 9 September, have shown that Raman spectroscopy can be used to detect micro-organisms even after they have been damaged by exposure to very
high levels of radiation, as is encountered on the Martian surface.
But Alex Dessler, a space physicist
at the University
of Arizona, Tucson, says the same area
of the planet also produces unusual radio signals, flares
of ultraviolet light, and
high levels of infrared
radiation and even seems to be correlated with a patch in Jupiter's magnetosphere that pumps out
high - energy electrons.
Using spectral readings from telescopes
at the Keck Observatory in Hawaii, Hand has found
high levels of oxidative chemicals such as sulfate, oxygen, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen peroxide on Europa's surface, which are produced as ionizing
radiation from Jupiter scours it, splitting apart water molecules and sulfur compounds in the uppermost layers
of its ice.
In a congressional testimony yesterday, Gregory Jaczko, chairman
of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) said
of the conditions
at the plant: «We believe that
radiation levels are extremely
high.»
The sixth, Bikini Island, had a much
higher level of radiation,
at 184 millirem per year.
The researchers also found much
higher levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are known mutagens, in particles
at the polluted site, making these chemicals a leading suspect.Similar mutations have been reported in people exposed to
radiation.
It uses
high - energy
radiation (similar to x-rays but
at a much
higher energy
level) that injures the DNA (genetic material)
of cells.
The warming trends in looking
at numerous 100 year temperature plots from northern and
high elevation climate stations... i.e. warming trends in annual mean and minimum temperature averages, winter monthly means and minimums and especially winter minimum temperatures and dewpoints... indicate climate warming that is being driven by the accumulation
of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere — no visible effects from other things like changes in solar
radiation or the
levels of cosmic rays.
It does seem
at first glance that a warm troposphere would warm the stratosphere, but the explanation that more
of the earth - sourced infrared
radiation is absorbed lower in the the troposphere by
higher levels of CO2 makes sense if one thinks about the thermodynamic losses involved in the CO2 re-
radiation processes; some
of the earth - sourced infrared is transformed into kinetic energy and only a fraction is reradiated as more infrared
radiation (if I'm understanding correctly).
Kinda like a canopy capping the growth
of clouds but still creating shade and solar
radiation management
at higher and lower
levels.
Note:
At least one
of the YouTube posters (Shazzy Mazzy
of The News Insight) and Victoria Woollaston, the reporter who covered the drone tapes from the Daily Mail Online, appear skeptical about
radiation dangers to life on earth: «many
of these areas are said to be covered in radioactive soil,» «reports claim the soil and water in the region still contains
high levels of radiation that makes the clean - up effort difficult.»
Until the surface warms to a
level that emits
radiation at a rate that is balanced with the
higher level of energy capture there will continue to be «net energy capture».
The net result is an upward transfer
of infrared
radiation from warmer
levels near the Earth's surface to colder
levels at higher altitudes.
It determines how much
of the
radiation delivered to land goes into warming the near - surface atmosphere compared with how much is released as latent heat fuelling precipitation
at higher levels.
Some people will get a dose
of radiation at a
level that would increase the risk
of cancer in 25 years, and a few might suffer
radiation poisoning, which
at high doses can be fatal.
Keep in mind that even the
radiation at the low
levels of that atmosphere will move
higher due to more CO2 before it is absorbed.
The whole concept
of direct
radiation supposedly heating the surface to observed temperatures is wrong and a totally different paradigm involving entropy maximization and thermodynamics
at the molecular
level is now known to be what explains planetary surface temperatures being
higher than what can be explained with
radiation.
What we know
of the connection between solar activity and
radiation, coupled with
high abundances
of isotopes in tree - rings and ice - cores (Fig. 2d), supports the likely case that during the Maunder Minimum solar activity remained for over half a century
at very low
levels.
At sea
level, the energy content
of the evaporated water molecules will be quite
high, but the temperature
of the air will not be because most
of the air is N2 (temperature is an average), which isn't heated by IR
radiation from the water vapor molecules.
The important thing is that the
radiation at the lower
levels has to make its way up through
higher levels of the atmosphere before it is able to escape into space.
There is no consistent evidence
of human health effects from exposure to extremely low - frequency electromagnetic
radiation at much
higher levels than is present near wind farms.