These questions about risk and protective factors also have implications for early intervention for depressed women and their young children and for prevention programs that might be geared to women who appear to be
at high risk for depression during their child's early years.4, 5,6,7
The researchers found that moms who disliked breastfeeding or experienced pain while breastfeeding
during the first two weeks of their baby's life were
at a
higher risk for experiencing postpartum
depression by the time their baby was two months old.
Knowing how the social relationships in a mom's life can impact her
risk of postpartum
depression can be used to guide the kind of questions that health professionals ask
during the mom's pregnancy or postpartum to screen
for those who are
at higher risk.
«On the immediate horizon is a look
at the effects of some things that become more common
during adolescent years as kids hit a
high -
risk time
for substance and alcohol abuse and other problems that often co-exist with clinical
depression.
A covariate was included in the multivariate analyses if theoretical or empirical evidence supported its role as a
risk factor
for obesity, if it was a significant predictor of obesity in univariate regression models, or if including it in the full multivariate model led to a 5 % or greater change in the OR.48 Model 1 includes maternal IPV exposure, race / ethnicity (black, white, Hispanic, other / unknown), child sex (male, female), maternal age (20 - 25, 26 - 28, 29 - 33, 34 - 50 years), maternal education (less than
high school,
high school graduation, beyond
high school), maternal nativity (US born, yes or no), child age in months, relationship with father (yes or no), maternal smoking
during pregnancy (yes or no), maternal
depression (as measured by a CIDI - SF cutoff score ≥ 0.5), maternal BMI (normal / underweight, overweight, obese), low birth weight (< 2500 g, ≥ 2500 g), whether the child takes a bottle to bed
at age 3 years (yes or no), and average hours of child television viewing per day
at age 3 years (< 2 h / d, ≥ 2 h / d).
Because not all children with depressed mothers show later problems, research must also examine
risk and protective factors that are associated with different patterns of early child development and adjustment.4, 5
For example, are children whose mothers have a family history of depression or who were depressed before or during pregnancy at especially high risk for adjustment difficulti
For example, are children whose mothers have a family history of
depression or who were depressed before or
during pregnancy
at especially
high risk for adjustment difficulti
for adjustment difficulties?