This course provides a detailed overview of the physics and chemistry of
atmospheric aerosols including composition, size, and interaction with radiation and clouds.
Not exact matches
«This is a cutting - edge study in the field of cloud -
aerosol - precipitation interactions that
includes an interdisciplinary group of
atmospheric chemists and meteorologists,» he said.
India, another huge source of
atmospheric pollution, recently allowed European scientists to measure its high - level
aerosols, an experiment that also
includes flights into Nepal and Bangladesh.
The main research themes
include greenhouse gas concentrations and ecosystem — atmosphere fluxes, the climate effects of
atmospheric aerosols,
aerosol — cloud interactions and air quality.
The measured energy imbalance accounts for all natural and human - made climate forcings,
including changes of
atmospheric aerosols and Earth's surface albedo.
This setup consists of an
atmospheric model with a simple mixed - layer ocean model, but that doesn't
include chemistry,
aerosol vegetation or dynamic ice sheet modules.
More elaborate Earth System models often contain tracers related to
atmospheric chemistry and
aerosols (
including dust and sea salt).
Nowadays, models also
include dynamic sea ice,
aerosols and
atmospheric chemistry modules.
The top panel shows the direct effects of the individual components, while the second panel attributes various indirect factors (associated with
atmospheric chemistry,
aerosol cloud interactions and albedo effects) and
includes a model estimate of the «efficacy» of the forcing that depends on its spatial distribution.
Her research areas
include climate change, remote sensing and
atmospheric aerosols.
Future emails will
include: the difference between contrails / vapour trails and Stratospheric
Aerosol Injection observations on covert
atmospheric spraying (their tactics have changed in the last few weeks — this has been noticed globally) who is controlling the spraying — who are «they» much of the northern hemisphere is burning — California, Canada, Siberia (2,000 mile smoke clouds), Sweden etc..
The data obtained
included the first comprehensive measurements of
aerosols and cloud particles throughout the
atmospheric column during the evolution of multiple deep convective storm systems.
An international team of researchers report in Nature Communications that they made a computer model of the planet's
atmospheric conditions: they
included natural and human - triggered
aerosols, volatile organic compounds, greenhouse gases and other factors that influence temperature, one of which is albedo: the scientist's word for the capacity of terrain to absorb or reflect solar radiation.
Climate models are like weather models for the atmosphere and land, except they have to additionally predict the ocean currents, sea - ice changes,
include seasonal vegetation effects, possibly even predict vegetation changes,
include aerosols and possibly
atmospheric chemistry, so they are not like weather models after all, except for the
atmospheric dynamics, land surface, and cloud / precipitation component.
Climate simulations
including atmospheric aerosols with chemical transport have greatly improved since the TAR.
Such mixtures of absorbing and scattering
aerosols (
including other particulate matter such as nitrate, potassium and so on) are referred to as ABCs, for
atmospheric brown clouds11» https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo918
Possible explanations
include greenhouse effects such as changes in cloudiness,
aerosol loading,
atmospheric water vapor content, or carbon dioxide.
However, I am not a «warmista» by any means — we do not know how to properly quantify the albedo of
aerosols,
including clouds, with their consequent negative feedback effects in any of the climate sensitivity models as yet — and all models in the ensemble used by the «warmistas» are indicating the sensitivities (to
atmospheric CO2 increase) are too high, by factors ranging from 2 to 4: which could indicate that climate sensitivity to a doubling of current CO2 concentrations will be of the order of 1 degree C or less outside the equatorial regions (none or very little in the equatorial regions)- i.e. an outcome which will likely be beneficial to all of us.
As the Director of GISS and Principal Investigator for the GISS ModelE Earth System Model, I am interested in understanding past, present and future climate and the impacts of multiple drivers of climate change,
including solar irradiance,
atmospheric chemistry,
aerosols, and greenhouse gases.
Research published in 2008 by Arizona State University professor Peter Crozier suggests that this nanoscale
atmospheric aerosol species is abundant in the atmosphere over East Asian countries and should be explicitly
included in models of radiative forcing (the gap between energy radiation reaching the Earth and that leaving through the upper atmosphere).
The experiments were performed with ModelE2, a new version of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Sciences (GISS) coupled general circulation model that
includes three different versions for the
atmospheric composition components: a noninteractive version (NINT) with prescribed composition and a tuned
aerosol indirect effect (AIE), the TCAD version with fully interactive
aerosols, whole - atmosphere chemistry, and the tuned AIE, and the TCADI version which further
includes a parameterized first indirect
aerosol effect on clouds.
The measured energy imbalance accounts for all natural and human - made climate forcings,
including changes of
atmospheric aerosols and Earth's surface albedo.
The study, published in Nature Geoscience found that humans have caused at least three - quarters (74 percent) of current warming, while also determining that warming has actually been slowed down by
atmospheric aerosols,
including some pollutants, which reflect sunlight back into space.
Its twice - daily five - day forecasts of global
atmospheric composition supplement the IFS monitoring of temperature, air pressure and humidity by
including chemical species such as ozone, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide,
aerosols and greenhouse gases.
Theoretical and Applied Climatology covers climate modeling, climatic changes and climate forecasting, micro - to mesoclimate, applied meteorology as in agro - and forestmeteorology, biometeorology, building meteorology and
atmospheric radiation problems as they relate to the biosphere; effects of anthropogenic and natural
aerosols or gaseous trace constituents; hardware and software elements of meteorological measurements,
including techniques of remote sensing, among other topics of current interest.
Additionally, solar spectral measurements provide information about
atmospheric composition
including column concentrations of trace gases and
aerosol optical properties and optical depths.
Anthropogenic emissions
include many types of GHG's as well as particulates such as black carbon and sulfate
aerosols, each of which has a different effect on the atmosphere, and a different
atmospheric lifetime.
There have been numerous research papers and reviews published over the past 10 years,
including several in prestigious journals such as Nature and Science, that conclude that the observed temperature changes over the past 100 years are consistent with the combined changes in
atmospheric aerosols (volcanic and anthropogenic), land surface changes, variations in solar irradiance and increases in greenhouse gases.
Called ModelE, it provides the ability to simulate many different configurations of Earth System Models —
including interactive
atmospheric chemistry,
aerosols, carbon cycle and other tracers, as well as the standard atmosphere, ocean, sea ice and land surface components.
While multiple studies have shown the Northern Hemisphere plays a stronger role than the Southern Hemisphere in transient climate change, this had not been
included in calculations of the effect of
atmospheric aerosols on climate sensitivity.
The term Earth System Model is a little ambiguous with some people reserving that for models that
include a carbon cycle, and others (
including me) using it more generally to denote models with more interactive components than used in more standard (AR4 - style) GCMs (i.e.
atmospheric chemistry,
aerosols, ice sheets, dynamic vegetation etc.).
What the paper is discussing, and what was glossed over in the release, is that it is the next generation of models, often called «Earth System Models» (ESMs), that are starting to
include atmospheric chemistry,
aerosols, ozone and the like.