Sentences with phrase «atmospheric concentrations of»

When referring to atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, «carbon dioxide equivalent» refers to the concentration of carbon dioxide that would give the same warming effect as the collective effect of all of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Humans have no direct control over atmospheric concentrations of water vapour, although it can act as an enhancer for any global warming.

Their most optimistic scenario — in which atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases are capped at year 2000 levels — would require severe cuts in CO2 emissions, far beyond those set in the Kyoto protocol.

However, because atmospheric concentrations of water vapor tend to be at most only a few percent of the amount of air (and usually much lower), they are both often expressed in units of grams of water vapor per kilogram of (moist or dry) air.

It may be noted also that some authors and inventories refer to «carbon equivalents» when discussing quantities or atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases.

This term is defined and used in slightly different ways in the context of emissions and atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases.

For example: it has not warmed for 11 (or 15) years despite ever increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and other human GHGs.

Apart from (deliberately) excluding part of the available data, it is ignoring the underlying physical science — the fact that rising atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases cause warming.

An overall increase in global - mean atmospheric temperatures is predicted to occur in response to human - induced increases in atmospheric concentrations of heat - trapping «greenhouse gases.»

If permafrost soils begin to release climatically significant amounts of methane, it should be detectable through monitoring atmospheric concentrations of methane using a network of monitoring stations around the world, but the current network is too sparse.

Models that attempt to perform reliable projections of future climate changes should account explicitly for the feedbacks between climate and the processes that determine the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, reactive gases and aerosol particles.

Charging businesses and individuals a rising and transparent price for carbon dioxide emissions is essential to reduce U.S. emissions quickly and steeply enough to prevent atmospheric concentrations of CO2 from reaching an irreversible tipping point.

For example, when atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide increased in geologic times to a certain unknown threshold, it went into the ocean and combined with positively charged calcium ions to form calcium carbonate — limestone.

In August, twenty - one young people, with the help of OCT, filed a landmark constitutional climate change lawsuit against the federal government, seeking a court order requiring the President to immediately implement a national plan to decrease atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide to a safe level: 350 ppm by the year 2100.

The science is clear: Global warming and climate disruption will continue to accelerate until we stabilize atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases.

With the atmospheric concentrations of GHGs thus unlikely to stabilize in this century (even for the low SRES scenario) without major policy changes, from an emissions perspective, we are not on track for meeting the objectives of UNFCCC Article 2.

Temperature changes over time can be affected by various factors, including changes in Solar Radiation (SR) and in the Radiative Forcing (RF) attributable to rising atmospheric concentrations of anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

While applauding Mr. Gore's enthusiasm, many energy experts said this stance was counterproductive because there was no way, given global growth in energy demand, that existing technology could avert a doubling or more of atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide in this century.

The Montreal Protocol may have prevented the atmospheric concentrations of chlorine from getting worse by getting rid of CFCs in developed countries (but the black market will ensure they are readily available in developing countries for years to come unless more is done soon), and because the CFCs are enormously powerful greenhouse gases (5000 - 11,000 time more powerful than CO2, in round figures) Montreal has done 5 times more to abate emissions than Kyoto will in the first commitment period.

The NWRA's climate change web page says there has been «a significant increase in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases» in the last two decades, and that: «Scientific consensus is clear: these emissions are making the earth warmer in an unusually fast time period.»

The science is, purportedly, too uncertain to take steps to stabilize emissions as there are opposing theories as to why the climate is changing, differences in opinion as to how atmospheric concentrations of GHGs will affect the climate and various viewpoints on whether changes will be good or bad; beneficial or dangerous.

Finally, the implications of the seasonality, timing, and spatial patterns of Antarctic temperature trends with respect to interpreting the relative roles of stratospheric ozone depletion, SSTs and increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gasses are discussed.

Measurement of CO2 concentration is always problematic; the «Standard Dry Air» SDA basis of measurement and comparison is at standard temperature and pressure which is a non-existent parameter; and as we are seeing, CO2 is not a well - mixed gas at all and will be defined by, amongst other variables, SH, or absolute humidity; SH can vary from 0 to 5 % by volume of atmosphere; as the SH increases, the absolute amount of other gases, including CO2, decreases; to say therefore that atmospheric concentrations of CO2 have remained stable and not been above 280ppm over the last 650my is fanciful; even if you assume past CO2 levels have not got above 280ppm the range of variation within that limit has been greater than the current increase;

The SAP 3.1 report describes complex mathematical models used to simulate the Earth's climate on some of the most powerful supercomputers, and assesses their ability to reproduce observed climate features, and their sensitivity to changes in conditions such as atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide.

Despite a half century of climate change that has significantly affected temperature and precipitation patterns and has already had widespread ecological and hydrological impacts, and despite a near certainty that the United States will experience at least as much climate change in the coming decades, just as a result of the current atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, those organizations in the public and private sectors that are most at risk, that are making long - term investments and commitments, and that have the planning, forecasting and institutional capacity to adapt, have not yet done so.

Additionally, SST is a more likely driver than either trends in the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gasses or stratospheric ozone depletion, which project most strongly onto to the SAM, not onto the PSA modes (e.g. Arblaster and Meehl 2006).

General circulation models predict that, for a doubling of atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, mean annual air temperatures may rise several degrees over much of the Arctic.

Some of this additional anthropogenic carbon is taken up by the land and the ocean (about 5 PgC / year) while the remainder is left in the atmosphere (4 PgC / year), explaining the rising atmospheric concentrations of CO2.

«Reducing the wide range of uncertainty inherent in current model predictions of global climate change will require major advances in understanding and modeling of both (1) the factors that determine atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, and (2) the so - called «feedbacks» that determine the sensitivity of the climate system to a prescribed increase in greenhouse gases.»

«THERE IS a good, but by no means certain, chance that the world's average climate will become significantly warmer during the next century, because of the increasing atmospheric concentrations of infrared - absorbing and re-radiating, so - called «greenhouse»» gases.»

Barnett et al. «Penetration of Human - Induced Warming into the World's Oceans» (Science, Vol 309, Issue 5732, 284 - 287, 8 July 2005) «A new study has found a «compelling agreement» between observed changes in ocean temperatures since 1960 and the changes simulated by two climate models under rising atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases.

It is uncertain how a given emissions path converts into atmospheric concentrations of the various radiatively active gases or aerosols.

There has also been a fairly wide - spread understanding that the international community will not avoid very dangerous climate change unless nations increase their national commitments to levels required of them based upon equity while working with other nations to keep atmospheric concentrations of ghg from exceeding dangerous levels.

The direct RF due to nitrate aerosol is therefore sensitive to atmospheric concentrations of ammonia as well as NOx emissions.

In response to charges by the UCS that the administration has «consistently sought to undermine the public's understanding of the view held by the vast majority of climate scientists,» Marburger stresses that Bush has «clearly acknowledged the role of human activity in increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases.»

Tim Lambert links to this article by Eric Pooley in Slate's The Big Moneye which points out that, for all the disagreement among economists regarding the details of climate change policy, there is substantial consensus on the following main points (i) the cost of action to stabilise atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and other greenhouse gases will be of the order of 1 per cent of GDP (ii) a strong mitigation policy is preferable to business as usual

Higher temperatures today are largely sustained by increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide.

The dangers of climate change are rising as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation worldwide boost atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide.

In addition, some scientists, including former NASA scientist James Hansen who is now at Columbia University, believe that atmospheric concentrations are already too high and that atmospheric concentrations of ghg should actually be lowered from their current levels of approximately 400 ppm CO2 to 350 ppm CO2 to prevent dangerous climate impacts.

«Global atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have increased markedly as a result of human activities since 1750 and now far exceed pre-industrial values determined from ice cores spanning many thousands of years.»

Since 1750, WMO says, atmospheric concentrations of CO2 have risen 39 per cent, those of nitrous oxide have gone up 20 per cent and concentrations of methane jumped 158 per cent.

The IPCC reports underscore the cruel irony implicit in climate change — that the overwhelming environmental costs of climate change will be felt in those countries least responsible for the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and least able to deal with the consequences.

Joeri Rogelj from the Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science and a lead researcher of the report, said: «Ocean acidification due to increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide... will put increasing stress onto marine eco-systems.

Unfortunately, atmospheric concentrations of heat trapping gasses are still rapidly rising due to an increasingly dangerous emission coming from global fossil fuel burning.

Increasing ocean acidity due to increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO2 (Denman et al., 2007 Section 7.3.4.1; Sabine et al., 2004; Royal Society, 2005) is very likely to reduce biocalcification of marine organisms such as corals (Hughes et al., 2003; Feely et al., 2004).

For instance, US politicians frequently assert that it is an open question whether humans are causing the undeniable warming that the Earth is experiencing, thus exposing ignorance of dozens of lines of independent robust evidence of human causation including attribution studies, finger print analyses, strong evidence that correlates fossil fuel use to rising atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, and other physical and chemical evidence.

And this all supports the analysis that the climate is much more sensitive to changes in greenhouse gas emissions and other «forcings» than the IPCC models have been saying and that a doubling of atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide from preindustrial levels to 550 ppm will ultimately warm the planet far more than 3 °C, as NASA's James Hansen argues (see «Long - term» climate sensitivity of 6 °C for doubled CO2).

Climate sensitivity is usually defined to mean the amount of warming that the Earth will experience if atmospheric concentrations of CO2 reach 560 ppm of CO2 equivalent, where CO2 equivalent is the metric which translates other greenhouse gases into an equivalent level of CO2.

(Hansen et al 2008) To do this, existing atmospheric concentrations of CO2 must not only not be allowed to rise the small amount to 450 ppm CO2 from current levels of 394 ppm CO2 but must be reduced below existing levels to 350 ppm CO2.

Yet even if appropriate measures were taken today to reduce global emissions by 80 percent by 2050, current atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other long - lived greenhouse gases are already such that the next 50 years of climate change can not be averted.