Sentences with phrase «atmospheric measurements at»

In addition, he has taught graduate - level courses in meteorology and in atmospheric measurements at the Tri-cities branch of Washington State University.

Not exact matches

At a Feb. 7 hearing of Juliana, et al v. United States of America, et al — a case a group of kids, young adults and environmentalists brought in 2015 against the U.S. government — Frank Volpe said he didn't know whether carbon dioxide levels had reached 400 parts per million, a measurement of atmospheric concentration.

Among them were the measurements of atmospheric ozone at the UK's Halley research station in Antarctica.

In 1958, Scripps Institution climatologist Charles Keeling began making precise measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations at Mauna Loa Observatory.

Moreover, these measurements were made at concentrations of sulfuric acid and dimethylamine corresponding to atmospheric levels (less than 1 molecule of sulfuric acid per 1 x 1013 molecules of air).

From in situ measurements made over a 20 - month period by the Tunable Laser Spectrometer (TLS) of the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite on Curiosity at Gale Crater, we report detection of background levels of atmospheric methane of mean value 0.69 ± 0.25 ppbv at the 95 % confidence interval (CI).

«According to our long - term measurements, the atmospheric levels of PCBs at background sites in Africa are lower than in Europe, but the urban, and especially industrial, sites have the same PCB levels in Africa as they do in Europe.»

Scientists will be able to reconstruct the atmospheric structure by taking ratios of measurements made at different angles.

New measurements by NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies indicate that 2012 was the ninth warmest year since 1880, and that the past decade or so has seen some of the warmest years in the last 132 years.One way to illustrate changes in global atmospheric temperatures is by looking at how far temperatures stray from «normal», or a baseline.

The OCO mission aimed to make unique and high quality measurements of the atmospheric column of carbon dioxide at high spatial resolution.

Because atmospheric conditions such as wind and temperature can greatly affect particulate - matter measurements, researchers from EPIC - India and the Evidence for Policy Design initiative at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, gathered data from air - quality monitors in New Delhi and placed monitors in three adjacent cities as a control.

To remedy this, Sundar Christopher, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Alabama at Huntsville, compared satellite data with ground measurements in well - studied areas.

If we want to know why SST is changing at observed rates (long term), or why it takes so long for changes in atmospheric dynamics to register fully in the ocean, OHC is critical, but if we simply want to quantify the change, the direct measurements are more appropriate.

Previous recipients of the prize include the godfather of climate modelling, Syukuro Manabe, from the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Norway's former Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland, and Charles Keeling from the University of California at San Diego who gave his name to the famous Keeling curve of atmospheric CO2 concentration measurements.

This research was performed at the Atmospheric Measurement Laboratory, an atmospheric sciences laboratory at PNNL.

To find out, atmospheric experts at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory compared six reanalyses products against observational data from the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility in Oklahoma.

The UAS and TBS measurements have supplemented data obtained by the third ARM Mobile Facility at Oliktok Point — part of ARM's North Slope of Alaska atmospheric observatory — to help improve understanding of atmospheric processes in the Arctic.

The ARM Aerosol Measurement Science Group (AMSG) coordinates ARM Climate Research Facility observations of aerosols and atmospheric trace gases with user needs to ensure advanced, well - characterized observational measurements and data products — at the spatial and temporal scales necessary — for improving climate science and model forecasts.

We find (i) measurements at all scales show that official inventories consistently underestimate actual CH4 [methane] emissions, with the natural gas and oil sectors as important contributors; (ii) many independent experiments suggest that a small number of «super-emitters» could be responsible for a large fraction of leakage; (iii) recent regional atmospheric studies with very high emissions rates are unlikely to be representative of typical natural gas system leakage rates; and (iv) assessments using 100 - year impact indicators show system - wide leakage is unlikely to be large enough to negate climate benefits of coal - to - natural gas substitution.

As NOAA's Mauna Loa measurement of atmospheric methane concentrations are only currently increasing at a rate of approximately 0.25 % per year (or 12.5 % change in 50 - years); how could anyone be concerned that the change in atmospheric methane burden in 50 - years could be 300 % (as per Isaken et al (2011) case 4XCH4; which would require an additional 0.80 GtCH4 / yr of methane emissions on top of the current rate of methane emissions of 0.54 GtCH4 / yr)?

Pages 137 - 140 of IPCC AR4 describe high - precision in situ measurements of atmospheric CO2 at Mauna Loa, documenting the steady increase in CO2 along with its characteristic seasonal fluctuation.

... This brings up the nightmarish thought that if the chemical industry had developed organobromine compounds instead of the CFCs — or alternatively, if chlorine chemistry would have run more like that of bromine — then without any preparedness, we would have been faced with a catastrophic ozone hole everywhere and at all seasons during the 1970s, probably before the atmospheric chemists had developed the necessary knowledge to identify the problem and the appropriate techniques for the necessary critical measurements.

Large scale dust storms change the atmospheric opacity and convection; as always when comparing mean temperatures, the altitude at which the measurement is made matters, but to the extent it is sensible to speak of a mean temperature for Mars, the evidence is for significant cooling from the 1970's, when Viking made measurements, compared to current temperatures.

This product primarily exploits high - quality measurements of air samples collected at tens of sites around the world by various laboratories (119 sites for CO2, 30 sites for CH4 and 127 sites for N2O), in combination with a numerical model of atmospheric tracer transport (Chevallier et al. 2010, Bergamaschi et al. 2013, Thompson et al. 2014).

Ernst Beck has complied tens of thousands of analyses of early measurements of atmospheric CO2, and concludes that CO2 levels were much higher during the 1930's warm period than the generally - accepted levels; CO2 dropped sharply during the cooling from ~ 1946 to ~ 1977; and CO2 increased since 1977 due to the recent warming, and is now at similar levels to the early 1940's.

Moreover, it is found that polarized reflectances obtained at the shorter wavelengths (0.41 and 0.55 µm) are significantly less sensitive to the contribution of the ocean's upwelling light than total reflectance measurements, providing a natural tool for the separation between the estimation of oceanic and atmospheric scattering properties.

By measuring changes in winds, rather than relying upon problematic temperature measurements, Robert J. Allen and Steven C. Sherwood of the Department of Geology and Geophysics at Yale estimated the atmospheric temperatures near 10 km in the Tropics rose about 0.65 degrees Celsius per decade since 1970 — probably the fastest warming rate anywhere in Earth's atmosphere.

The standard logbook entries made at the time contain no information about how the measurements were taken, so the cause was overlooked, says David Thompson, first author on the paper and an atmospheric scientist at Colorado State University in Fort Collins.

Water takes longer to heat up and cool down than does the air or land, so ocean warming is considered to be a better indicator of global warming than measurements of global atmospheric temperatures at the Earth's surface.

In the short - term, a key issue that needs resolving is the mismatch between global methane budgets from top - down (derived from atmospheric measurements) and bottom - up (derived from measurements of methane emissions at the land surface from different methane producing environments) approaches.

that documented «virtually all that we knew at the time from measurements of atmospheric CO2.»

During the 1980s, EPRI funded research by influential scientist Charles Keeling and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography that documented «virtually all that we knew at the time from measurements of atmospheric CO2.»

«At present, CSIRO and other measurements show that atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are rising progressively faster each year — so the judgement of the atmosphere is that global efforts to reduce emissions have so far been spectacularly unsuccessful.

See «Infrared Analyses of NOAA Primary CO2 - in - Air Reference Gas Standards at SIO, 1991 - 1999 ′ and you'll see atmospheric CO2 measurements fluctuating between 246.59ppm - 521.48 ppm.

-- robust radiative physics — ground - based instrumental evidence that CO2 absorbs and therefore emits IR exactly in accordance with the physical theory — satellite data confirming this — satellite data apparently indicating a radiative imbalance at TOA — robust measurements of the fraction of atmospheric CO2 — increasing global OHC since the mid-C20th

Also, given the atmospheric CO2 measurements at South Pole range between 246.59ppm - 521.48 ppm I don't see how the trapped CO2 in the ice - core bubbles could accurately represent the back - ground level.

«Since 1990, surface ocean pH has directly been measured or calculated at several locations, with the average recent decrease estimated as 0.0019 pH units per year at the Hawaii Ocean Time - series (HOT; close to the site of long - term atmospheric CO2 measurements at Mauna Loa)[12]; 0.0017 per year based on transects in the North Pacific [13]; 0.0012 per year at the Bermuda Atlantic Time - Series (BATS)[14] and 0.0017 per year at the European Station for Time - Series in the Ocean at the Canary Islands (ESTOC)[15].

Here, we report unique observations on atmospheric aerosol formation based on measurements at the SMEAR II station, Finland, over a solar cycle (years 1996 — 2008) that shed new light on these presumed relationships.

For instance the Vostok ice - core data over 415,000 years has an average measurement - spacing of 756 years, meaning that the likelihood of measuring an increase in atmospheric CO2 as the one measured at Mauna Loa over the last 50 years, if one existed in the Vostok ice - core samples, amounts to 6.6 % (i.e. 50/756).

In addition to treating cloud transmission based only on the measurements at the local time of the TOMS observations, the results from other satellites and weather assimilation models can be used to estimate atmospheric UV irradiance transmission throughout the day.

So, as the empirical measurements which I cited for you show, at present levels of atmospheric CO2 increases to the CO2 have no significant effect on global temperature.

Surely after decades of satellite measurements, countless field experiments, and numerous finescale modeling studies that have repeatedly highlighted basic deficiencies in the ability of comprehensive climate models to represent processes contributing to atmospheric aerosol forcing, it is time to give up on the fantasy that somehow their output can be accepted at face value.»

However, instead of looking at emissions it might make more sense to look at real measurements of atmospheric CO2 concentrations for two reasons.

My comment did not relate to the ice cores but to CO2 measurements of the atmosphere in the Vostok region similar to the atmospheric measurements taken at Mauna Loa.

Even the lowest estimate (B1) assumes an compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of atmospheric CO2 to year 2100, which is around 20 % higher than what we have actually seen over the past 50 + years since Mauna Loa measurements started (or over the past 5 years), despite the fact that population is expected to grow at only a fraction of the 1960 - 2010 CAGR.

Measurement of CO2 concentration is always problematic; the «Standard Dry Air» SDA basis of measurement and comparison is at standard temperature and pressure which is a non-existent parameter; and as we are seeing, CO2 is not a well - mixed gas at all and will be defined by, amongst other variables, SH, or absolute humidity; SH can vary from 0 to 5 % by volume of atmosphere; as the SH increases, the absolute amount of other gases, including CO2, decreases; to say therefore that atmospheric concentrations of CO2 have remained stable and not been above 280ppm over the last 650my is fanciful; even if you assume past CO2 levels have not got above 280ppm the range of variation within that limit has been greater than the currenMeasurement of CO2 concentration is always problematic; the «Standard Dry Air» SDA basis of measurement and comparison is at standard temperature and pressure which is a non-existent parameter; and as we are seeing, CO2 is not a well - mixed gas at all and will be defined by, amongst other variables, SH, or absolute humidity; SH can vary from 0 to 5 % by volume of atmosphere; as the SH increases, the absolute amount of other gases, including CO2, decreases; to say therefore that atmospheric concentrations of CO2 have remained stable and not been above 280ppm over the last 650my is fanciful; even if you assume past CO2 levels have not got above 280ppm the range of variation within that limit has been greater than the currenmeasurement and comparison is at standard temperature and pressure which is a non-existent parameter; and as we are seeing, CO2 is not a well - mixed gas at all and will be defined by, amongst other variables, SH, or absolute humidity; SH can vary from 0 to 5 % by volume of atmosphere; as the SH increases, the absolute amount of other gases, including CO2, decreases; to say therefore that atmospheric concentrations of CO2 have remained stable and not been above 280ppm over the last 650my is fanciful; even if you assume past CO2 levels have not got above 280ppm the range of variation within that limit has been greater than the current increase;

One needs to look at the history of the d13C values: measurements in ice cores, firn and recently direct atmospheric, show a near steady state of d13C levels in the atmosphere of about -6.3 + / - 0.1 per mil in the period before 1850, decreasing faster and faster after 1850 with a d13C level below -8 per mil nowadays.

It is clear from extensive scientific evidence that the dominant cause of the rapid change in climate of the past half century is human - induced increases in the amount of atmospheric greenhouse gases -LSB-...] Since long - term measurements began in the 1950s, the atmospheric CO2 concentration has been increasing at a rate much faster than at any time in the last 800,000 years.

By examining temperature measurements from nearby, researchers know that tree growth at these locations tracked atmospheric temperatures for much of the twentieth century and then diverged from the actual temperatures during recent decades.

We know that they vary by place and by season, and we also know that some historical measurements of atmospheric CO2 gave absurd (and clearly wrong) results, which could even be misused to suggest that atmospheric CO2 fell sharply at times.