Sentences with phrase «atmospheric temperature at»

If we increase the total optical depth of the atmosphere the atmospheric temperature at the surface increases.

Changes in atmospheric temperature at 2 meter (left) and 2 km (right) comparing the 2000s to the 1960s, in Celsius.

The measuring and recording of atmospheric temperature at locations around the world for the past century + has been fundamentally an urban project.

Phasing out these subsidies over the next decade would achieve more than 30 percent of the cuts in carbon emissions necessary to keep rising atmospheric temperatures at no more than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, the IEA says.

Water takes longer to heat up and cool down than does the air or land, so ocean warming is considered to be a better indicator of global warming than measurements of global atmospheric temperatures at the Earth's surface.

A statistically significant signature of multi-decadal solar activity changes in atmospheric temperatures at three European stations, Vladimir Kossobokov, Jean - Louis Le Mouel and Vincent Courtillot, 05/2010, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar - Terrestrial Physics, Volume 72, Issues 7 - 8, pp. 595 - 606

Not exact matches

The reaction rate between atmospheric hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) is greatly enhanced in the presence of ice particles; HCl dissolves readily into ice, and the collisional reaction probability for ClONO2 on the surface of ice with HCl in the mole fraction range from ∼ 0.003 to 0.010 is in the range from ∼ 0.05 to 0.1 for temperatures near 200 K. Chlorine (Cl2) is released into the gas phase on a time scale of at most a few milliseconds, whereas nitric acid (HNO3), the other product, remains in the condensed phase.

A compound of hydrogen and sulfur, when crushed at more than a million times Earth's standard atmospheric pressure, appears to whisk electrical current along without resistance at temperatures up to 203 kelvins.

Still, limiting the rise in atmospheric temperatures will at least give reefs some time to adapt.

The setting gave scientists the rare opportunity to look at the impact of pollution on atmospheric processes in a largely pre-industrial environment and pinpoint the effects of the particles apart from other factors such as temperature and humidity.

Since climate in a specific region is affected by the rest of Earth, atmospheric conditions such as temperature and moisture at the region's boundary are estimated by using other sources such as GCMs or reanalysis data.

New research published today in Nature Geoscience by Richard Zeebe, professor at the University of Hawai'i — Mānoa School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), and colleagues looks at changes of Earth's temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) since the end of the age of the dinosaurs.

«We [have] figured out a way just using a glass of water at room temperature, under atmospheric pressure,» Nocera says.

They developed a calculation to divide the sound into smaller pieces and then estimated the source location for all the small pieces, correcting for delays caused by the speed of sound in air at room temperature and at standard atmospheric pressure.

Wondering how that cold spell compares to recent times, atmospheric scientists Susan Solomon of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Aeronomy Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado, and Chuck Stearns of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, tracked the average monthly temperatures over the last 15 years at a series of four automated weather stations located, by coincidence, along Scott's return route.

The resulting lower atmospheric CO2, the argument goes, would mean lower temperatures, suggesting that the mechanism was at least partially responsible for triggering past ice ages.

The cooler - than - usual temperatures are represented by the big blue blob on the world map below (that's Florida peeking out at the lower right of the blob), provided by atmospheric scientist Jennifer Francis of Rutgers University, New Brunswick, using NOAA data.

What is more, because Jupiter's microwave emissions vary in wavelength based on the pressure (as well as temperature) of the atmospheric layers where they originate, observations at multiple wavelengths allow researchers to create a cross-section through the atmosphere.

Scientists at the Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and NASA are using X-rays to explore, via 3 - D visualizations, how the microscopic structures of spacecraft heat shield and parachute materials survive extreme temperatures and pressures, including simulated atmospheric entry conditions on Mars.

Another principal investigator for the project, Laura Pan, senior scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo., believes storm clusters over this area of the Pacific are likely to influence climate in new ways, especially as the warm ocean temperatures (which feed the storms and chimney) continue to heat up and atmospheric patterns continue to evolve.

New measurements by NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies indicate that 2012 was the ninth warmest year since 1880, and that the past decade or so has seen some of the warmest years in the last 132 years.One way to illustrate changes in global atmospheric temperatures is by looking at how far temperatures stray from «normal», or a baseline.

But at around 1.9 million times atmospheric pressure and 4,800 kelvins (about 4,500 ° Celsius), the scientists observed a jump in density and temperature.

In contrast, Coskata says its process works at relatively low pressure and temperature: about twice atmospheric pressure and 97 degrees Fahrenheit.

«At first, tropical ocean temperature contrast between Pacific and Atlantic causes slow climate variability due to its large thermodynamical inertia, and then affects the atmospheric high - pressure ridge off the California coast via global teleconnections.

Turning up the heat seems to increase the rate at which the plants produce methane, Keppler says, which could explain why atmospheric levels of methane were high hundreds of thousands of years ago when global temperatures were balmy.

The impacts, at speeds up to 1.5 kilometers per second, pummeled the amino acids with up to 200,000 times Earth's atmospheric pressure and temperatures as high as 600 °C.

At sea level, at a temperature of 21 degrees Celsius (70 degrees Fahrenheit) and under normal atmospheric conditions, the speed of sound is 344 m / s (1238 km / h or 770 mphAt sea level, at a temperature of 21 degrees Celsius (70 degrees Fahrenheit) and under normal atmospheric conditions, the speed of sound is 344 m / s (1238 km / h or 770 mphat a temperature of 21 degrees Celsius (70 degrees Fahrenheit) and under normal atmospheric conditions, the speed of sound is 344 m / s (1238 km / h or 770 mph).

The newfound world circles its star at about 60 million kilometers, leaving it with a relatively mild temperature that Deeg's group estimates to be between minus 20 degrees Celsius and 150 degrees C, depending on its atmospheric makeup.

There are strong competing effects such as changes in the large - scale atmospheric circulation, sea surface temperature changes like El Niño and La Niña and the dynamics of westerly storm tracks that all interact at the mid-latitudes,» said Stanford co-author Matthew Winnick who contributed to the study with fellow doctoral student Daniel Ibarra.

The study argued that changes in the sun's radiation output played a major role in influencing shifts in Arctic air temperatures — a view at odds with mainstream climate science, which fingered atmospheric carbon dioxide as a bigger player.

Because atmospheric conditions such as wind and temperature can greatly affect particulate - matter measurements, researchers from EPIC - India and the Evidence for Policy Design initiative at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, gathered data from air - quality monitors in New Delhi and placed monitors in three adjacent cities as a control.

Dr Tina Van De Flierdt, co-author from the Department of Earth Science and Engineering at Imperial College London, says: «The Pliocene Epoch had temperatures that were two or three degrees higher than today and similar atmospheric carbon dioxide levels to today.

«At normal atmospheric pressure and temperature, where air is 21 percent O2, the material already contains oxygen and can not absorb more,» McKenzie explains.

«Changes in ocean conditions that affect fish stocks, such as temperature and oxygen concentration, are strongly related to atmospheric warming and carbon emissions,» said author Thomas Frölicher, principal investigator at the Nippon Foundation - Nereus Program and senior scientist at ETH Zürich.

A study published this year by Bradley Udall, senior water and climate research scientist with the Colorado Water Institute at Colorado State University, and Jonathan Overpeck, professor of hydrology and atmospheric sciences at the University of Arizona, found that during the drought years of 2000 - 2014, the river surrendered a third of its flow because of higher temperatures in the upper basin.

But this also means that targets such as stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of CO2 at 450 parts per million (nearly double preindustrial levels) to avoid more than a 3.6 degree F (2 degree C) temperature rise are nearly impossible as well.

They have also developed a technique for using Q - carbon to make diamond - related structures at room temperature and at ambient atmospheric pressure in air.

This so - called constant - composition commitment results as temperatures gradually equilibrate with the current atmospheric radiation imbalance, and has been estimated at between 0.3 °C and 0.9 °C warming over the next century.»

According to Fortney, «We know silicate clouds affect the spectra of brown dwarfs at similar atmospheric temperatures.»

«We grew teosinte in the conditions that it encountered 10,000 years ago during the early Holocene period: temperatures 2 - 3 degrees Celsius cooler than today's with atmospheric carbon dioxide levels at around 260 parts per million,» said Dolores Piperno, senior scientist and curator of archaeobotany and South American archaeology at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, who led the project.

Dr Alison Cook, who led the work at Swansea University, says: «Scientists know that ocean warming is affecting large glaciers elsewhere on the continent, but thought that atmospheric temperatures were the primary cause of all glacier changes on the Peninsula.

The current UAH satellite numerical data (these data consist of the differences of lower atmospheric temperature from the 1979 thru 1998 average) is at http://vortex.nsstc.uah.edu/data/msu/t2lt/uahncdc.lt.

CO2 at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure has a density of 1.98 g / lt.

«I predict that due to the loss of these atmospheric whirlpools, the average temperature on Jupiter will change by as much as 10 degrees Celsius, getting warmer near the equator and cooler at the poles,» says Marcus.

While ECS is the equilibrium global mean temperature change that eventually results from atmospheric CO2 doubling, the smaller TCR refers to the global mean temperature change that is realised at the time of CO2 doubling under an idealised scenario in which CO2 concentrations increase by 1 % yr — 1 (Cubasch et al., 2001; see also Section 8.6.2.1).

We argue that KELT - 18b's high temperature and low surface gravity, which yield an estimated ~ 600 km atmospheric scale height, combined with its hot, bright host make it an excellent candidate for observations aimed at atmospheric characterization.

ARBUS — a nuclear reactor cooled by organic liquids of good moderating properties and high temperature of boiling at atmospheric pressure.

For example, as a hotter, higher mass analog of WASP - 43b, KELT - 16b may feature an atmospheric temperature - pressure inversion and day - to - night temperature swing extreme enough for TiO to rain out at the terminator.

Researchers reconstructing ancient climates delve into the mineral for a record of temperature and atmospheric composition, environmental conditions and the state of the ocean at the time those minerals formed.

The research, by Chris de Freitas, a climate scientist at the University of Auckland in New Zealand, John McLean (Melbourne) and Bob Carter (James Cook University), finds that the El Niño - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a key indicator of global atmospheric temperatures seven months later.