Sentences with phrase «average mass balance»

Not exact matches

Of course, in such a time average, each location's fluxes (energy, and also momentum and mass) are balanced, with vertical imbalances (generally a net gain in heat at lower latitudes and net loss in higher latitudes, especially in winter) are balanced by horizontal fluxes.

DMI says, The surface mass balance is calculated over a year from September 1st to August 31st (the end of the melt season) For the 2016 - 17 SMB year, which ended yesterday, the ice sheet had gained 544bn tonnes of ice, compared to an average for 1981 - 2010 of 368bn tonnes.

Both the observations of mass balance and the estimates based on temperature changes (Table 11.4) indicate a reduction of mass of glaciers and ice caps in the recent past, giving a contribution to global - average sea level of 0.2 to 0.4 mm / yr over the last hundred years.

The first difference arises because annual average temperature change is greater than summer temperature change at high latitudes, but the mass balance sensitivity is greater to summer change.

Oerlemans and Fortuin (1992) derived an empirical relationship between the mass balance sensitivity of a glacier to temperature change and the local average precipitation, which is the principal factor determining its mass turnover rate.

The 2003 — 08 specific mass balance for our entire HKKH study region was − 0.21 ± 0.05 m yr − 1 water equivalent, significantly less negative than the estimated global average for glaciers and ice caps4, 10.

Current models suggest ice mass losses increase with temperature more rapidly than gains due to increased precipitation and that the surface mass balance becomes negative (net ice loss) at a global average warming (relative to pre-industrial values) in excess of 1.9 to 4.6 °C.

North Cascade glaciers annual balance has averaged -0.54 m / a of water equivalent from 1984 - 2006, a cumulative loss of over 12.4 m in glacier thickness or 20 - 40 % of their total volume since 1984 due to negative mass balances.

For example, analyses of glacier mass balances, volume changes and length variations along with temperature records in the western European Alps (Vincent et al., 2005) indicate that between 1760 and 1830, glacier advance was driven by precipitation that was 25 % above the 20th century average, while there was little difference in average temperatures.

For an annual - and area - average warming exceeding Embedded Image in Greenland and Embedded Image in the global average, the net surface mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet becomes negative, in which case it is likely that the ice sheet would eventually be eliminated, raising global - average sea level by 7 m.

The mass balance averaged over an entire glacier is denoted by Bm.