Sentences with phrase «averaged over scales»

Not exact matches

The red line (right scale) is the average annual nominal total return of the S&P 500 over the subsequent 12 - year period.

There are now over 30 publicly visible analyst ratings on SNAP with an average recommendation of 2.8 on five - point scale, indicating a very slight overall positive bias.

Over and above, the Street Food industry is a profitable industry and it is open for any aspiring entrepreneur to come in and establish his or her business; you can choose to start on a small scale in a street corner like the average mom and pop business or you can choose to start on a large scale with several food carts covering key cities with the view of selling franchise in future.

Schwab Equity Ratings ® are assigned to approximately 3,000 of the largest (by market capitalization) U.S. headquartered stocks using a scale of A, B, C, D and F. Schwab's outlook is that A-rated stocks, on average, will strongly outperform and F - rated stocks, on average, will strongly underperform the equities market over the next 12 months.

About a 30 % increase in average expenditure per pupil (over four years, between age seven and 11) is expected to produce an increase in achievement of a level equivalent to 25 - 30 points on the PISA scale.

Will the tremor be of mild magnitude — say, a magnitude 4 on the Richter scale, the kind that occur all over the world every day — or a 9, which happens no more than once a decade on average?

«It throws into question some [modeling] approaches that [compile an] average over small spatial scales,» he says.

And because the comb measurements can be averaged over the entire path length rather than relying on a few spot measurements, the comb method is better matched to the scale of atmospheric transport models.

For example, 2005 is near solar minimum in the 11 year cycle, and radiance now is about 1 - 2 W / m ^ 2 less than a few years ago, which means Pluto and Mars are getting LESS solar radiance on the time scale of the atmosphere and polar cap changes, EVEN IF the radiance averaged over the whole cycle was higher.

Average scale scores are important, no doubt, but we also need to pay attention to high and low achievers and how they are faring over time.

Teachers at the top of the pay scale in large urban schools earned an average of $ 51,955 annually last year, a 5.4 percent increase over the year before, according to a report by the American Federation of Teachers.

Barnardo's have calculated that losses on this scale, over the next five years, could see annual funding for children's centres decline by an average of # 92 million per year.

WUHSD's average score on California's Academic Performance Index (API), which is calculated on a scale of 200 to 1,000 points, with 800 to 1,000 being the desired level of performance, has increased by more than 154 points over the last seven years and is now 777.

With the extra support, she passed a mandatory standardized test and even raised her grade - point - average in her senior year to 3.49 on a 4.0 scale, lifting her four - year GPA over the 2.0 required to graduate.

For example, AltSchool is a micro-school network in San Francisco with tuition that is 10 to 15 percent cheaper than the average for other private schools in the city --- and it hopes to scale its model such that the price falls over time to the point that it is only marginally more than the cost of educating a public school student.

According to NAEP results, released by the U.S. Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics, Alabama is one of four states to show significant gains in fourth - grade reading, and over the past eight years has shown a greater increase in scale than any other state, moving from 207 in 2003 to the national average of 220 on a 500 - point scale in 2011.

The advantage of scale is not going away, but the above average profits of the last four years may prove difficult to maintain, as the government will find it difficult to not increase regulation in response to complaints over high health insurance premiums in the face of what are viewed as high profits.

Solid top - line growth, continued buybacks (the outstanding share count will be impacted by the Fox deal), robust profitability (we're talking net margin that averaged 15.63 % annually over the last five years), and the potential for additional scale gives the bottom line plenty of fuel for 2018 and on.

The lack of numerous competitors in both its defense and aerospace businesses, combined with General Dynamics» massive size, which allows it great economies of scale, results in not only above average margins and returns on capital, but profitability that has consistently increased over time.

Typically, a company that achieves economies of scale lowers the average cost per unit through increased production since fixed costs are shared over an increased number of goods.

Incomes here gravitate toward the higher end of the scale, averaging slightly over $ 69,000, and the commute takes less than 24 minutes.

The average cat weighs between 7 - 11 pounds (with Siamese breeds weighing less and Maine Coons weighing more), and pets with a body condition over 5 (on a 9 point scale) are considered overweight.

[Response: Here's a simple back - of - envelope consideration for the future: if the Greenland ice sheet melts completely over the next ~ 1,000 years (Jim Hansen argues in the current Climatic Change that the time scale could be centuries), this would contribute an average flux of ~ 0.1 Sv of freshwater to the surrounding ocean.

Of course, large scale patterns are made up of individual stations, but they average over a lot of the noise.

The actual prevailing view of the paleoclimate research community that emerged during the early 1990s, when long - term proxy data became more widely available and it was possible to synthesize them into estimates of large - scale temperature changes in past centuries, was that the average temperature over the Northern Hemisphere varied by significantly less than 1 degree C in previous centuries (i.e., the variations in past centuries were small compared to the observed 20th century warming).

I understand the issue — that when considered as a whole, the data on the Nature cover may better capture the trends over time than any other method of determining the average trend over the continent — but that said, it is not accurate on the fine spatial scale that it is presented.

By climate, we mean the statistics of weather, averaged over suitable time and perhaps space scales (more on this below).

For example, all reconstructions, except for North America, are resolved at annual scale, but our analysis only considered averages over 30 - year periods.

Whether the activity of cumulus convection is determined by the variables averaged over the grid box of numerical models (100 km scale for typical GCMs, 20 km scale in the case of «high resolution» GCM of MRI).

C is not constant for the dT» / dt equation to apply because heat penetrates through different parts of the climate system (different depths of the ocean in particular) over different time scales (also, if T» is supposed to be at some reference location or the global average at some vertical level, T» at other locations will vary; C will have to be an effective C value, the heat per unit change in the T» at the location (s) where T» occurs)

Hunter and Brown calculated an average acceleration in the central projection of the IPCCs AR4 A1FI emission scenario (including scaled - up ice sheet discharge) of 0.002 mm per year over the period 1990 — 2010 (see the value plotted at 2000 in their Fig. 1, ref.

Attribution of the observed warming to anthropogenic forcing is easier at larger scales because averaging over larger regions reduces the natural variability more, making it easier to distinguish between changes expected from different external forcings, or between external forcing and climate variability.

You are correct that regional and average weather changes over various time scales of interest, and that extreme events continue to occur.

I accept that there are complex weather systems bubbling away at any given point over the earth's surface but, on a planetary scale as the earth rotates on its axis, I suggest these will essentially average out, at similar angular distances as from the sub-solar point, at decadal and centennial timeframes.

Global Temperature is an example of a bulk property, and it does indeed average out over sufficient time scales; hence showing that whatever chaos, spatio - temporal or otherwise, is present in the system on short timescales it does not affect our longer term predictions.

Your mistake is to assume a priori that it averages out over long scales.

southern oscillation a large - scale atmospheric and hydrospheric fluctuation centered in the equatorial Pacific Ocean; exhibits a nearly annual pressure anomaly, alternatively high over the Indian Ocean and high over the South Pacific; its period is slightly variable, averaging 2.33 years; the variation in pressure is accompanied by variations in wind strengths, ocean currents, sea - surface temperatures, and precipitation in the surrounding areas

First the idea that chaos «averages out» over some time scale has been known wrong at least since Lorenz.

This limits strongly the possible variations and guarantees certainly that something that can be called average can be observed for all important climate variables over some time scales.

In the context of large - scale variability in the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans, the spring 2010 Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO; area averaged SST over the North Atlantic) was the highest since 1948 (http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/correlation/amon.us.data) while the spring 2010 PDO (http://jisao.washington.edu/pdo/) was near neutral.

Current computer models can faithfully simulate many of the important aspects of the global climate system, such as changes in global average temperature over many decades; the march of the seasons on large spatial scales; and how the climate responds to large - scale forcing, like a large volcanic eruption.

AEMO notes that small - scale generation investment has increased rapidly over the last three years, the Large - scale Renewable Energy Target (LRET) is driving continued investment in wind generation capacity, and average spot market prices have been falling in every region since 2007 — 08.

Accounting for the characteristic spatial scale ΔA of the relevant Airy function (see Basic Necessary Conditions and Assumptions) at the waveguide's boundaries, the averaging of [S18] over Δ yields the following estimate for A˜m, max, at typical values of l0 ≈ (0.3 − 0.5) × 10 − 6 m − 2, ΔQRA / Δ ≈ 0.3 − 0.5, and ΔA / Δ ≈ 0.2 − 0.25: A˜m, max ≈ K2 -LSB-(K2 + l02 + l04) / (m / a) 2] Kl0u ¯ 0ΔQRA2 Δ.

In a system such as the climate, we can never include enough variables to describe the actual system on all relevant length scales (e.g. the butterfly effect — MICROSCOPIC perturbations grow exponentially in time to drive the system to completely different states over macroscopic time) so the best that we can often do is model it as a complex nonlinear set of ordinary differential equations with stochastic noise terms — a generalized Langevin equation or generalized Master equation, as it were — and average behaviors over what one hopes is a spanning set of butterfly - wing perturbations to assess whether or not the resulting system trajectories fill the available phase space uniformly or perhaps are restricted or constrained in some way.

I'm very convinced that the physical process of global warming is continuing, which appears as a statistically significant increase of the global surface and tropospheric temperature anomaly over a time scale of about 20 years and longer and also as trends in other climate variables (e.g., global ocean heat content increase, Arctic and Antarctic ice decrease, mountain glacier decrease on average and others), and I don't see any scientific evidence according to which this trend has been broken, recently.

1) You suggested that photosynthesis was inappropriately ignored in K&T's diagram (which by definition gives global averages over long time - scales).

Using the Solar Estimate calculator, we determined that given an average monthly utility bill of $ 150, the owner of a two - bedroom home on Montagu Street in Charleston's up - scale 29401 zip code should produce around 9,890 kilowatt - hours (kWh) of emissions - free renewable energy over its useful life; resulting in an estimated net profit (energy cost savings less the cost of equipment and installation) to the homeowner of $ 57,878 over 25 years.

Anomalies simply take the average of the observed temperatures (daily, monthly, annual, max, min, or what have you), and convert them to a scale with a different zero point — a zero defined as the mean observed temperature over some accepted calibration period.

This is a pretty serious picking of nits — thermo textbooks regularly state that there is «no heat flow» between reservoirs in thermal equilibrium because there is no net macroscopic flow of heat between the two reservoirs, for the simple reason that thermodynamics averages over molecular (or in the case of radiation, single photon) scale local fluctuations.

Values are also averaged over successive four - month periods, to enable variations on upwards of the seasonal time scale to be seen more clearly than if monthly values had been plotted.