As reported by the Watson and his colleagues» perspective (Watson et al., 1988), positive affect (PA) corresponds to the extent to which an individual feels enthusiastic, active, and alert, while negative affect (NA) reflects subjective distress and unpleasurable engagement that generate a broad range of
aversive mood states, including anger, disgust, guilt, and fear.
The quantities of certain chemicals with known roles in insect learning (octopamine),
aversive conditioning (dopamine) and aggression (serotonin) were all reduced by the procedure, suggesting that as with their mammalian counterparts, duress in bees causes sustained, system - wide changes in brain
state — a possible analogue of
mood.