Porsche went for rear -
axle steering which reduces the turning circle providing more direct and precise turns.
Other technical features of the GT3 include a mild suspension retune, some aero tweaks, dynamic engine mounts, a locking rear differential and rear -
axle steering which, dependent on speed, turns the rear wheels the same or opposite direction to the fronts.
The AMG GT 4 - Door Coupé responds even more sensitively to steering commands thanks to the active rear
axle steering which comes as standard in the V8 models and is optional in the six - cylinder versions.
Not exact matches
European models received active hydraulic four - wheel
steering for its introductory year, called AHK or Aktive Hinterachskinematik (Active Rear
Axle Kinematics), the presence of
which is one way to separate U.S. - market originals from grey - market imports.
Considering the improved interior that was fitted in 2011 and the much - reduced cabin noise, the only thing left to complain about is the vague
steering,
which must be tolerated because the solid front
axle dictates a recirculating - ball design.
The GT C and GT R have rear -
axle steering,
which is new to the AMG line.
The
steering, meanwhile,
which uses a variable ratio depending on speed, is unpleasantly vague and woolly despite the revised software, giving no real indication of how hard the front
axle is working.
The GT C borrows its rear
axle from the GT R,
which means it incorporates a rear - wheel
steering function.
The
steering is crisp and direct, giving a clear sense of connection to the front
axle,
which helps you to easily find the limit of grip.
For a front
axle assembly, the kingpin is a pin that connects the front
axle and
steering knuckles, about
which the knuckles pivot
Therefore BMW equipped the Integral Rear
Axle with a computer - controlled electrohydraulic actuator unit
which can actively
steer the rear wheels — the Active Rear
Axle Kinematics.
The V8 cars also get active rear
axle steering as standard — not available on the AMG GT 53 —
which points the back wheels either in tandem with, or opposite to, the front depending on speed.
In addition to the basic design,
which is optimised for precision, the chassis also boasts superior handling characteristics, thanks predominantly to the active rear -
axle steering.
The new BMW 4 Series Convertible benefits from BMW's customary approach of splitting
steering and drive forces between the front and rear
axles,
which is the ideal platform for balanced driving characteristics, directional stability and agile handling.
The Cayenne is based heavily on the iconic 911 sports car: The third edition of the SUV,
which has also been enhanced visually, now has mixed tyres and rear -
axle steering for the first time.
As our editor Hugo recently educated us on, if the brake caliper is ahead of the front
axle center line, or on the front of the rotor, it uses rear -
steer,
which is when the
steering rack is behind the front
axle.
Intelligent four - wheel drive, controlled rear
axle differential lock, Integral Active
Steering, adaptive M suspension technology Professional featuring Active Roll Stabilization and 20 - inch light alloy wheels boasting high - performance tires all complete the M850i xDrive package
which is probably what we're looking at in the teaser photo published by the Germans today.
Show More Vehicle Equipment Exterior Features Auto headlampsBody color fasciaBright grilleBright side roof railsCompact spare tireFog lampsGlass liftgateHeated mirrorsLaminated front door glassPremium insulation groupRear spoiler on liftgateTinted front door glassVariable intermittent windshield wipers Body color door handlesBody color mirrorsBright license plate browChrome bodyside moldingDeep tint sunscreen glassFront license plate bracketHalogen headlampsHood insulationMonotone paintPwr folding mirrorsRear window wiper & washerTinted windshield Show More Interior Features 140 - mph speedometerActive head restraintsCargo tie - down loopsDay / night rear view mirrorFlat folding front passenger seatFront & rear aimable LED lampsGlove box lampIlluminated entryLeather wrapped
steering wheelPassenger assist handlesPwr locking fuel filler doorRemovable rechargeable interior lampSpeed controlTilt / telescoping
steering column 60/40 folding rear seatAir filteringCargo trim panel w / storage netDual visors w / illuminated vanity mirrorsFloor carpetFull length floor consoleIlluminated cup holdersInstrument cluster w / tachometerOverhead consolePwr front windows w / 1 - touch up & downRear window defrosterRetained accessory pwrSteering wheel audio controlsVehicle information center Show More Mechanical Features 160 - amp alternator195mm conventional differential rear
axle3.6 L VVT V6 flex - fuel engine700 - amp maintenance free batteryEngine oil coolerPwr rack & pinion steeringTip start 195 mm conventional differential front
axle3.09
axle ratio (REQ: ERB Engine) 6500 lb GVWRAnti - lock 4 - wheel disc brakesNormal duty suspensionStandard duty engine cooling Show More Safety Features 3 - point rear center seat beltDual note hornsFront & rear side curtain air bagsLATCH - ready child seat anchor systemRain brake supportRear door child safety locks Child seat upper tether anchorsEnhanced accident response systemHill start assist (HSA) Multi-stage front airbagsReady alert brakingTrailer sway damping Show More Entertainment Features (6) speakers Removable short mast antenna Show More Vehicle Warranty «WORRY FREE GUARANTEE» COMES STANDARD Every car we sell comes with a bumper - to - bumper Limited Warranty for 100 days, or 4,189 miles,
which ever expires first.
4 - Wheel Disc Brakes, 6 Speakers, ABS brakes, Adaptive suspension, Air Conditioning, AM / FM radio, Anti-whiplash front head restraints, Audio 20 w / Single CD, Auto tilt - away
steering wheel, Auto - dimming door mirrors, Auto - dimming Rear - View mirror, Automatic temperature control, Axle Ratio: 3.27, Brake assist, Bumpers: body - color, CD player, Child - Seat - Sensing Airbag, Delay - off headlights, Driver door bin, Driver vanity mirror, Dual front impact airbags, Dual front side impact airbags, Electronic Stability Control, Emergency communication system, Exterior Parking Camera Rear, Four wheel independent suspension, Front anti-roll bar, Front Bucket Seats, Front Center Armrest, Front dual zone A / C, Front reading lights, Fully automatic headlights, Garage door transmitter: Homelink, Genuine wood dashboard insert, Genuine wood door panel insert, Heated door mirrors, Illuminated entry, Knee airbag, Leather steering wheel, Low tire pressure warning, MB - Tex Upholstery, Memory seat, Occupant sensing airbag, Outside temperature display, Overhead airbag, Overhead console, Panic alarm, Passenger door bin, Passenger vanity mirror, Power door mirrors, Power driver seat, Power Liftgate, Power passenger seat, Power steering, Power windows, Premium audio system: COMAND, Radio data system, Rain sensing wipers, Rear anti-roll bar, Rear fog lights, Rear reading lights, Rear seat center armrest, Rear window defroster, Rear window wiper, Remote keyless entry, Roof rack: rails only, Security system, Speed control, Speed - sensing steering, Split folding rear seat, Steering wheel memory, Steering wheel mounted audio controls, Tachometer, Telescoping steering wheel, Tilt steering wheel, Traction control, Trip computer, Turn signal indicator mirrors, Variably intermittent wipers, Weather band radio, and Wheels: 18» 5 - Spoke (R31) * Your additional costs are sales tax, tag and title fees for the state in which the vehicle will be registered, $ 925 freight (all new Mercedes - Benz models), any dealer - installed options (if applicable) and a $ 299 dealer processing fee (not required
steering wheel, Auto - dimming door mirrors, Auto - dimming Rear - View mirror, Automatic temperature control,
Axle Ratio: 3.27, Brake assist, Bumpers: body - color, CD player, Child - Seat - Sensing Airbag, Delay - off headlights, Driver door bin, Driver vanity mirror, Dual front impact airbags, Dual front side impact airbags, Electronic Stability Control, Emergency communication system, Exterior Parking Camera Rear, Four wheel independent suspension, Front anti-roll bar, Front Bucket Seats, Front Center Armrest, Front dual zone A / C, Front reading lights, Fully automatic headlights, Garage door transmitter: Homelink, Genuine wood dashboard insert, Genuine wood door panel insert, Heated door mirrors, Illuminated entry, Knee airbag, Leather
steering wheel, Low tire pressure warning, MB - Tex Upholstery, Memory seat, Occupant sensing airbag, Outside temperature display, Overhead airbag, Overhead console, Panic alarm, Passenger door bin, Passenger vanity mirror, Power door mirrors, Power driver seat, Power Liftgate, Power passenger seat, Power steering, Power windows, Premium audio system: COMAND, Radio data system, Rain sensing wipers, Rear anti-roll bar, Rear fog lights, Rear reading lights, Rear seat center armrest, Rear window defroster, Rear window wiper, Remote keyless entry, Roof rack: rails only, Security system, Speed control, Speed - sensing steering, Split folding rear seat, Steering wheel memory, Steering wheel mounted audio controls, Tachometer, Telescoping steering wheel, Tilt steering wheel, Traction control, Trip computer, Turn signal indicator mirrors, Variably intermittent wipers, Weather band radio, and Wheels: 18» 5 - Spoke (R31) * Your additional costs are sales tax, tag and title fees for the state in which the vehicle will be registered, $ 925 freight (all new Mercedes - Benz models), any dealer - installed options (if applicable) and a $ 299 dealer processing fee (not required
steering wheel, Low tire pressure warning, MB - Tex Upholstery, Memory seat, Occupant sensing airbag, Outside temperature display, Overhead airbag, Overhead console, Panic alarm, Passenger door bin, Passenger vanity mirror, Power door mirrors, Power driver seat, Power Liftgate, Power passenger seat, Power
steering, Power windows, Premium audio system: COMAND, Radio data system, Rain sensing wipers, Rear anti-roll bar, Rear fog lights, Rear reading lights, Rear seat center armrest, Rear window defroster, Rear window wiper, Remote keyless entry, Roof rack: rails only, Security system, Speed control, Speed - sensing steering, Split folding rear seat, Steering wheel memory, Steering wheel mounted audio controls, Tachometer, Telescoping steering wheel, Tilt steering wheel, Traction control, Trip computer, Turn signal indicator mirrors, Variably intermittent wipers, Weather band radio, and Wheels: 18» 5 - Spoke (R31) * Your additional costs are sales tax, tag and title fees for the state in which the vehicle will be registered, $ 925 freight (all new Mercedes - Benz models), any dealer - installed options (if applicable) and a $ 299 dealer processing fee (not required
steering, Power windows, Premium audio system: COMAND, Radio data system, Rain sensing wipers, Rear anti-roll bar, Rear fog lights, Rear reading lights, Rear seat center armrest, Rear window defroster, Rear window wiper, Remote keyless entry, Roof rack: rails only, Security system, Speed control, Speed - sensing
steering, Split folding rear seat, Steering wheel memory, Steering wheel mounted audio controls, Tachometer, Telescoping steering wheel, Tilt steering wheel, Traction control, Trip computer, Turn signal indicator mirrors, Variably intermittent wipers, Weather band radio, and Wheels: 18» 5 - Spoke (R31) * Your additional costs are sales tax, tag and title fees for the state in which the vehicle will be registered, $ 925 freight (all new Mercedes - Benz models), any dealer - installed options (if applicable) and a $ 299 dealer processing fee (not required
steering, Split folding rear seat,
Steering wheel memory, Steering wheel mounted audio controls, Tachometer, Telescoping steering wheel, Tilt steering wheel, Traction control, Trip computer, Turn signal indicator mirrors, Variably intermittent wipers, Weather band radio, and Wheels: 18» 5 - Spoke (R31) * Your additional costs are sales tax, tag and title fees for the state in which the vehicle will be registered, $ 925 freight (all new Mercedes - Benz models), any dealer - installed options (if applicable) and a $ 299 dealer processing fee (not required
Steering wheel memory,
Steering wheel mounted audio controls, Tachometer, Telescoping steering wheel, Tilt steering wheel, Traction control, Trip computer, Turn signal indicator mirrors, Variably intermittent wipers, Weather band radio, and Wheels: 18» 5 - Spoke (R31) * Your additional costs are sales tax, tag and title fees for the state in which the vehicle will be registered, $ 925 freight (all new Mercedes - Benz models), any dealer - installed options (if applicable) and a $ 299 dealer processing fee (not required
Steering wheel mounted audio controls, Tachometer, Telescoping
steering wheel, Tilt steering wheel, Traction control, Trip computer, Turn signal indicator mirrors, Variably intermittent wipers, Weather band radio, and Wheels: 18» 5 - Spoke (R31) * Your additional costs are sales tax, tag and title fees for the state in which the vehicle will be registered, $ 925 freight (all new Mercedes - Benz models), any dealer - installed options (if applicable) and a $ 299 dealer processing fee (not required
steering wheel, Tilt
steering wheel, Traction control, Trip computer, Turn signal indicator mirrors, Variably intermittent wipers, Weather band radio, and Wheels: 18» 5 - Spoke (R31) * Your additional costs are sales tax, tag and title fees for the state in which the vehicle will be registered, $ 925 freight (all new Mercedes - Benz models), any dealer - installed options (if applicable) and a $ 299 dealer processing fee (not required
steering wheel, Traction control, Trip computer, Turn signal indicator mirrors, Variably intermittent wipers, Weather band radio, and Wheels: 18» 5 - Spoke (R31) * Your additional costs are sales tax, tag and title fees for the state in
which the vehicle will be registered, $ 925 freight (all new Mercedes - Benz models), any dealer - installed options (if applicable) and a $ 299 dealer processing fee (not required by law).
The SXT is available with a Super Sport package,
which includes
steering - wheel - mounted shift paddles, a rear spoiler, performance brakes, a short rear -
axle ratio and 20 - inch wheels.
In this case the focus of the developers is on the durability of the drive train components, the entire bodyshell and the integral subframe on
which the front
axle,
steering and engine are mounted.
All of that grunt is directed to the front wheels,
which sounds like it should give the front
axle a severe workout - but clever XDS differential helps manage that power, reducing torque
steer and propelling you out of corners with real ferocity.
The high lateral force potential of the
steered rear
axle made it possible to modify front
axle steering to be ten percent more direct,
which noticeably enhances agility even more.
Improvements elsewhere include an electro - mechanical Direct
Steer steering system across the model range, as well as a fully revised suspension setup,
which includes a newly - designed four - link front
axle, primarily made of aluminium.
ZF's AKC active rear
axle steering system,
which can be combined with any modular
axle configuration, improves agility, comfort and stability.
In addition, the Golf R 400 is equipped with the XDS + system on both the front and rear
axles,
which brakes the wheels at the inside of a bend during fast driving through bends, and
which optimises
steering response as a transverse differential lock.
Options for the Carrera T include rear -
axle steering,
which is not available on the standard Carrera.
Also, the side force on the rear
axle triggered by the
steering input of the driver is built up much faster than with a non-steered rear
axle,
which leads to more spontaneous direction change.
Contributing to the impressive lap time is the use of active rear -
axle steering,
which turns the rear wheels into or away from the corner according to speed, resolving the inherent conflict between agility and stability.
I believe Infiniti created this soon to develop niche with the current FX,
which is totally road biased, benefits from a RWD GT - R based platform with 100 % RWD biased AWD, a lower centre, wider track, engines located front midship behind the front
axle centre line, hence that long bonnet and even electronic four wheel
steering, and this was back in 2009!
Putting the drive
axles in the back improves the weight balance and takes a load off the front tires,
which don't have to
steer and propel the car.
All models except the 1.6 TDI,
which employs a torsion beam rear
axle, feature four - link independent rear suspension, as well as MacPherson struts up front with aluminium pivot bearings and speed - sensitive electro - mechanical power
steering.
The third front -
axle link is the track rod
which connects the transversely installed
steering gear to the wheels.
Air is channeled through the engine oil cooler and creates a Venturi effect that reduces front
axle lift,
which in turn, improves
steering.
The front -
axle components,
steering gear, engine and transmission are pre-mounted on a high - strength - steel subframe
which is bolted securely to the body's side members, making it a key component in the front crash structure of the new E-Class: in the event of a frontal impact, the subframe forms a separate load - bearing path along
which the impact energy is absorbed at specific points (see page 56).
It also increases agility in corners and driving stability at speeds above 37 mph, in
which situation the front and rear
axles steer in the same direction.
The new BMW 4 Series Coupe benefits from BMW's customary approach of splitting
steering and drive forces between the front and rear
axles,
which is the ideal platform for balanced driving characteristics, directional stability and agile handling.
Up to 90 per cent of torque can be dedicated to the front or rear
axle if necessary,
which the system determines by continually monitoring information on the
steering angle, speed, yaw, and other sensors.
Profound motor sport expertise is concentrated in particular in the new BMW M850i xDrive Coupe,
which offers outstanding dynamic handling characteristics thanks to a new V8 engine, intelligent four - wheel drive, controlled rear
axle differential lock, Integral Active
Steering, adaptive M suspension technology Professional featuring Active Roll Stabilization and 20 - inch light alloy wheels boasting high - performance tyres.
As our good friend Hugo recently educated me on, if the brake caliper is ahead of the front
axle center line, or on the front of the rotor, it uses rear -
steer,
which is when the
steering rack is behind the front
axle.
The 2017 CX - 5 adds G - Vectoring Control,
which reduces torque at the front
axle to facilitate smoother turn - in and corner
steering.
Furthermore, included, are — a four wheel independent suspension circuit, speed - sensing
steering, safe, brake assist, electronic stability control, a panic alarm, security system, bumpers,
which, are the body colour, heated / power door mirrors, a spoiler, turn signal indicator mirrors, a driver door bin, a driver vanity mirror, front reading lights, illuminated entry, a leather shift knob, outside temperature display, a passenger vanity mirror, a rear seat center armrest, tachometer, trip computer, a fabric seat trim, front bucket seats, a split folding rear seat, front center armrest with storage, a passenger door bin, alloy wheels, a rear window wiper, variably intermittent wipers & a 4.235 rear
axle ratio... you should come check it out on our Used Car patio!CARFAX One - Owner.
In addition to the sophisticated chassis technology with McPherson struts at the front
axle and the central control arm rear
axle,
which is itself unique in the small car segment, the electromechanical EPAS (Electrical Power Assisted
Steering) is a further guarantee of reliable and precise handling.
Rear -
axle steering is available as an option
which helps to improve the car's agility.
On the move, the 918 Spyder is complemented by the Porsche Active Suspension Management (PASM) adaptive damper system and rear -
axle steering,
which work on specially designed Michelin Pilot Sport Cup 2 tyres (265/35 ZR 20 for the front
axle and 325/30 ZR 21 for the rear
axle).
This new Ford Mustang package adds onto the existing Performance Pack,
which already includes plenty of enhancements like unique chassis and antilock brake tuning, unique stability control and electric power - assisted
steering, Brembo six - piston front brake calipers with larger rotors, a k - brace, larger radiator, silver - painted strut tower brace, and a Torsen rear differential with 3.73
axle ratio.
Upgrade to the E 63, and you'll find a mechanical rear
axle limited slip differential, a race - tuned nine - speed automatic gearbox, a quad exhaust system, a cylinder deactivation system (
which switches off four cylinders in the pursuit of fuel efficiency), AMG sports seats, electrically adjustable front seats and
steering wheel, and Mercedes» Comand infotainment system complete with a 12.3 in display and 12.3 in digital instrument cluster.
This means, as the driver, you can operate in more than one running gear configuration,
which includes components like
axles, suspension,
steering and brakes.
A six - speed dog - type gearbox developed by Porsche Motorsport
which is operated via shift paddles at the
steering wheel for the first time in a Porsche brand trophy race car transmits the power to the rear
axle.
The system combines dynamic
steering at the front
axle,
which uses an infinitely variable strain wave gearing, with a separate rear
axle steering system with a spindle drive and track rods.