Sentences with phrase «axons at»

We aim to close this gap by implementing a novel assay to simultaneously assess the integrity of the axonal cytoskeletal structure (using electron microscopy) and a functional (physiological) correlate of healthy cytoskeletal structure, namely active axon transport, within individual RGC axons at an early stage of experimental glaucoma.

We found that specific RNAs are only read at precise stages in order to produce the right protein needed to steer the axon at the right time.

A dendritic spine (or spine) is a small membranous protrusion from a neuron's dendrite that typically receives input from a single axon at the synapse.

Not exact matches

The center of the cord is gray matter — essentially an extension of the brain, like a tail — that is sheathed in fibrous white matter, with long, thin nerve fibers called axons shooting out at intervals to wire every part of the body.

A breakthrough could also come from programs under way at less mature biotech companies, including Axovant Sciences (NASDAQ: AXON) and the much riskier Anavex Life Sciences (NASDAQ: AVXL).

At a higher level of magnification you can see inside the neurons where little corpuscles stream down the long axons like traffic down a highway.

This interrupts the transport of cellular materials along axonal microtubules, causing these materials to accumulate at several points along the axon where they may give rise to varicosities.

Giza speculates that youth may be at greater risk for more severe damage from concussion because developing brains lack myelin, the covering that protects axons.

The insert shows a rabies virus (green) binding the p75 neurotrophine receptor (red) at the tip of a sensory axon.

How mammalian axons end up at their final destination in the growing brain remains a mystery.

In the late 1960s, Katz determined that the amount of acetylcholine in a vesicle was related to the electrical potential at the terminal of an axon — the long extension of a neuron that transmits the impulse.

The 2 - millimeter organoids survived for at least two months, Chen said in an interview, and showed «extensive» growth of human axons into the rat brain.

A team at Emory University is embedding electrodes in glass cones filled with nerve - growth factors that encourage brain cells to sprout more dendrites and axons.

Cajal also figured out that nerve cells are polar, meaning that signals enter the cell through the shrubbery of the dendrites at one end and leave through the other end at the whiplike axon.

They trip each other up, which prevents the axons from fully extending through the brain and delivering the usual doses of serotonin, says Tom Maniatis, a study coauthor and molecular neuroscientist at Columbia University.

In experiments on transgenic mice, teams at Harvard Medical School and Columbia University found that tau jumps from cell to cell in a predictable way along neural highways known as axons.

The way that an axon guides and finds its proper target is through so - called growth cones located at the tips of axons.

In a new study, NAIST scientists, in collaboration with researchers at the Osaka National Hospital and University of Tokyo, report that the L1 Cell Adhesion Molecule (L1 - CAM) is crucial for directed axon migration.

In mice without Phr1, they found that about 75 percent of the severed axons remained at five days, with a quarter persisting at least 10 days after being cut.

«When an embryo is building its nervous system, there can be inappropriate or excessive axonal sprouts, or axons that are only needed at one time in development and not later,» DiAntonio says.

«We looked at the optic nerve and saw normal myelination,» Mukherjee said, referring to the fatty white sheathing wrapped around axons, the nerve fibers that allow information transmission over distances to proceed efficiently and rapidly.

A paper in the journal Neural Development shows that RPM - 1 is localized at both the synapse and the mature axon tip, evidence that RPM - 1 is positioned to potentially coordinate the construction of synapses with regulation of axon extension and termination.

At one point, the researchers witnessed a microglial cell creeping, amoeba - like, through densely interwoven nerve fibers as it displaced a neuronal cell body and its bundle of axons.

The method demonstrates that injured axons can be preserved for at least 10 times longer when their communication with neighbors is blocked.

When I looked at fish that were six months old, I still saw this problem of undermyelinated axons.»

Charles Lieber, a chemist at Harvard University, and his colleagues devised a tool that can record, stimulate, and modulate signals at multiple points on a neuron, from individual dendrites to axons, essentially duplicating the way that brain cells communicate.

In collaboration with the Program in Neuroengineering at McGill University, Dr. Charron's team developed an innovative technique to recreate the concentration gradients of guidance cues in vitro, that is to say they can study the developing axons outside their biological context.

«To reach their target, growing axons rely on molecules known as guidance cues, which instruct them on which direction to take by repelling or attracting them to their destination,» explains Dr. Charron, Director of the Molecular Biology of Neural Development research unit at the IRCM.

Most importantly, when their axonal processes stretch out and connect to neighboring cells, they almost always do so at the same location on that neuron — the axon initial segment — and nowhere else.

But the researchers observed many axons that were simply bare, not wrapped in any myelin at all.

However, Schwann cells laying more far away from the bloodstream can neither synthesise their own lipids nor obtain them well from the blood and therefore can not insulate the axons sufficiently — if at all.

When the researchers looked at the spinal cords under a microscope they found that the drug induced sprouting of axons that use the neurochemical serotonin to communicate.

Recent research suggests one benefit of environmental enrichment at the cellular level: it repairs brain myelin, the protective insulation surrounding axons, or nerve fibers, which can be lost because of aging, injury or diseases such as multiple sclerosis.

Cognitive tests like the ones at this year's N.F.L. combine can pinpoint the mental troubles that come with dysfunctional or dying axons.

These electrically charged chemicals accumulate at the receptor nodules of antenna - like dendrites and activate the cell body, which in turn shoots an electric signal down the neuron's output wire, the axon.

A computer simulation of the scientists predicts that this effect is particularly pronounced when the information flow from other dendrites to the axon is suppressed by inhibitory input signals at the cell body.

Today a rising star in neuroscience at the University of Chicago, Zou made a name for himself by being the first to discover the molecular signals that guide axons longitudinally along the spinal cord, toward or away from the brain.

This image shows a neuron in which the axon originates at a dendrite.

There are two categories of CMT: those caused by the loss of axons in the peripheral nerves (CMT2) and those characterized by a malfunction in the Schwann cells that make up the myelin sheath, the protective coating that surrounds the nerve fibers and allows them to conduct nerve signals at high speeds (CMT1).

«They play an important role in the excitation of nerve cell axons and signal transfer between various cells,» says Prof. Dr. Heinz Beck, who conducts research in experimental epileptology at the Department of Epileptology, at the Life & Brain center and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE).

The new study by researchers at The Neuro shifts the focus to the loss or degeneration of axons, the nerve - cell «branches» that receive and distribute neurochemical signals among neurons.

The study looked at mouse neurons in wells connected by tiny channels that allow growth of axons — the long fibers that neurons use to communicate.

Because a protein in mammalian myelin called Nogo - A is known to inhibit central nervous system axon growth in mammals, a team of researchers led by biologist Claudia Stürmer at the University of Konstanz in Germany wondered if fish might be missing this protein.

From a therapeutic perspective, the goal of the work is to understand at the molecular level how axons degenerate, and block those pathways in patients to preserve nervous system function.

At the same time, Freeman and others have shown that SARM - dependent signaling pathways also drive axon loss in neurodegenerative conditions including glaucoma, traumatic brain injury and peripheral neuropathy.

«When an embryo is building its nervous system, there can be inappropriate or excessive axonal sprouts, or axons that are only needed at one time in development and not later,» DiAntonio said.

Several technologies allow scientists to generate and study single axons in the lab, but none are effective at creating nerve fascicles.

Studies conducted by Hendry at the Australian National University and by K. Stockel and H. Thoenen at the Basel Institute for Immunology have demonstrated that NGF is taken up at the terminal nerve endings of the sympathetic fibers and transported back to the neuronal cell body along the axon.

Projection neurons form connections with memory neurons at synaptic junctions that resemble small bulbs strung along the wire - like axons.

We observed YFP - labeled processes exiting the induced eye at the optic nerve head that followed the expected trajectory of RGC axons to their tectal targets (Figure 4E).