We investigated substantial heterogeneity for all four outcomes with subgroup analyses for the following covariates: who delivered care, type of support, timing of support,
background breastfeeding rate and number of postnatal contacts.
For cessation of any breastfeeding at up to six months, there is no evidence of a difference in the effectiveness of the intervention according to
the background breastfeeding rate (test for subgroup differences: Chi ² = 0.56, df = 2 (P = 0.76), I ² = 0 %; Analysis 5.1).
Not exact matches
Factors that may have contributed to the success for women who exclusively
breastfed were face - to - face contact (rather than contact by telephone), volunteer support, a specific schedule of four to eight contacts and high numbers of women who began
breastfeeding in the community or population (
background rates).
Several factors may have also improved results for women practising exclusive
breastfeeding, such as interventions delivered with a face - to - face component, high
background initiation
rates of
breastfeeding, lay support, and a specific schedule of four to eight contacts.
«The
breastfeeding initiation
rate for women participating in the study was significantly higher than the
background Trust
rate».
Background rates of
breastfeeding initiation: data from an inner - city Cleveland clinic with a similar population reported lower
rates with any and exclusive
breastfeeding at 5 days at 40.8 % and 22.0 %, respectively.
Where
background rates of «ever
breastfed» were not reported, we have used either
rates published in the WHO Global Data Bank on Infant and Young Child Feeding (www.who.int/nutrition/databases/infantfeeding/countries/en/index; accessed July 2016), or those published in the supplementary material to Victora 2016, and for the two studies from Scotland (Hoddinott 2009; Muirhead 2006), we used www.isdscotlandarchive.scot.nhs.uk/isd/1914 (accessed November 2016).
Background rates of
breastfeeding initiation: 92.2 % of mothers were exclusively
breastfeeding at the study site before discharge.
Background rates of
breastfeeding initiation: intermediate.
Therefore, for the review's four primary outcomes we carried out subgroup analysis to explore the impact of interventions involving different types of supporter (professional versus lay person, or both); types of support (face - to - face versus telephone support or both); timing of support (antenatal and postnatal versus postnatal alone); whether the support was proactive (scheduled contacts) or reactive (women needed to request support); and whether support interventions had similar effects in settings with different
background breastfeeding initiation
rates (low, medium or high
background rates).
Background rates of
breastfeeding initiation: low Inclusion criteria: women at 28 weeks» gestation attending for antenatal care at a GP practice Exclusion criteria: not described
Background rates of
breastfeeding initiation for Canada: intermediate, however, baseline prevalence of «ever
breastfed» in Ontario 90.6 % (WHO Global Data Bank on Infant and Young Child Feeding accessed 12 Oct 2011)
Background rates of
breastfeeding initiation: at hospital discharge, 54 % of babies were exclusively
breastfed and 6 % were receiving breast and formula milk.
We divided the studies into three groups: those carried out in settings where 80 % or more women initiated
breastfeeding (high
background initiation), where between 60 % to 80 % initiated
breastfeeding (intermediate) or where
breastfeeding initiation
rates were less than 60 % (low).
Background rates of
breastfeeding initiation: intermediate: prevalence of
breastfeeding in 1985 = 64 % at birth and 26 % at 4 months